Agreement of high definition oscillometry with direct arterial blood pressure measurement at different blood pressure ranges in horses under general anaesthesia

ObjectiveTo determine the agreement of high definition oscillometry (HDO) with direct arterial blood pressure measurements in normotensive, hypotensive and hypertensive horses during general anaesthesia.Study designExperimental study.AnimalsSeven healthy warmblood horses, aged 3–11 years, weighing 470–565 kg.MethodsMeasurements from a HDO device with the cuff placed around the base of the tail were compared with pressures measured invasively from the facial artery. High blood pressures were induced by intravenous (IV) administration of dobutamine (5 μg kg⁻¹ minute⁻¹) over ten minutes followed by norepinephrine (0.1 mg kg⁻¹ IV) and low pressures by increasing the inspired fraction of isoflurane and administration of nitroglycerine (0.05 mg kg⁻¹ IV). For analysis three pressure levels were determined: high (MAP>110 mmHg), normal (60 mmHgResultsA total of 245 paired measurements of systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic (DAP) pressures were obtained. The HDO device underestimated blood pressure at hypertensive and normotensive levels and overestimated blood pressure at hypotensive levels. Best agreement was obtained for SAP and MAP within normotensive limits. At normotension, bias ± standard deviation for SAP, MAP and DAP were 0.1 ± 19.4 mmHg, 0.5 ± 14.0, 4.7 ± 15.6, respectively. At high pressure levels bias and SD were 26.1 ± 37.3 (SAP), 4.2 ± 19.4 (MAP), 1.5 ± 16.8 (DAP) and at low pressures -20.0 ± 20.9 (SAP), -11.4 ± 19.6 (MAP), -4.7 ± 20.1 (DAP), with HDO measurements at a MAP <50 mmHg often failing.Conclusion and clinical relevanceGood agreement with invasive arterial blood pressures was obtained with HDO at normotensive levels in horses. At high and low pressure ranges HDO was unreliable. Therefore, if haemodynamic instability is expected, invasive measurement remains preferable.     

Assessing the influence of mechanical ventilation on blood gases and blood pressure in rattlesnakes

ObjectiveTo characterize the impact of mechanical positive pressure ventilation on heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure, blood gases, lactate, glucose, sodium, potassium and calcium concentrations in rattlesnakes during anesthesia and the subsequent recovery period.Study designProspective, randomized trial.AnimalsTwenty one fasted adult South American rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus terrificus).MethodsSnakes were anesthetized with propofol (15 mg kg⁻¹) intravenously, endotracheally intubated and assigned to one of four ventilation regimens: Spontaneous ventilation, or mechanical ventilation at a tidal volume of 30 mL kg⁻¹ at 1 breath every 90 seconds, 5 breaths minute⁻¹, or 15 breaths minute⁻¹. Arterial blood was collected from indwelling catheters at 30, 40, and 60 minutes and 2, 6, and 24 hours following induction of anesthesia and analyzed for pH, PaO₂, PaCO₂, and selected variables. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and HR were recorded at 30, 40, 60 minutes and 24 hours.ResultsSpontaneous ventilation and 1 breath every 90 seconds resulted in a mild hypercapnia (PaCO₂ 22.4 ± 4.3 mmHg [3.0 ± 0.6 kPa] and 24.5 ± 1.6 mmHg [3.3 ± 0.2 kPa], respectively), 5 breaths minute⁻¹ resulted in normocapnia (14.2 ± 2.7 mmHg [1.9 ± 0.4 kPa]), while 15 breaths minute⁻¹ caused marked hypocapnia (8.2 ± 2.5 mmHg [1.1 ± 0.3 kPa]). Following recovery, blood gases of the four groups were similar from 2 hours. Anesthesia, independent of ventilation was associated with significantly elevated glucose, lactate and potassium concentrations compared to values at 24 hours (p < 0.0001). MAP increased significantly with increasing ventilation frequency (p < 0.001). HR did not vary among regimens.Conclusions and clinical relevanceMechanical ventilation had a profound impact on blood gases and blood pressure. The results support the use of mechanical ventilation with a frequency of 1–2 breaths minute⁻¹ at a tidal volume of 30 mL kg⁻¹ during anesthesia in fasted snakes.     

压力补偿式灌水器补偿腔结构参数对颗粒运动的影响

为解决颗粒在迷宫流道压力补偿式灌水器内大量沉积或堵塞以致影响灌水器正常工作的问题,采用FSI模拟固定垫片变形后,基于CFD-DEM耦合模拟,经试验对比验证其可靠性后,设计单因素及Box-Behnken响应面试验,分析了压力补偿腔内副流道截面积、压力补偿腔出口直径、压力补偿腔直径3个结构参数及其交互作用对灌水器抗堵塞性能的影响,通过建立回归模型预测灌水器颗粒停留率,综合判断灌水器的抗堵塞性能。结果表明：副流道截面积由0.018 mm²提升至0.054 mm²时,颗粒停留率降低5.09个百分点;压力补偿腔出口直径由1.4 mm下降至0.8 mm时,颗粒停留率降低2.87个百分点;且颗粒沉积受副流道截面积和压力补偿腔出口直径、副流道截面积和压力补偿腔直径两种交互作用影响显著,交互影响下颗粒停留率最低为7.67%。拟合出颗粒停留率与压力补偿腔内副流道截面积、压力补偿腔出口直径、压力补偿腔直径3个结构参数的回归方程,可用于评判和预测灌水器抗堵塞性能,且推荐了一组副流道面积为0.051 mm²、压力补偿腔出口直径为0.894 mm、...     

大型潜水贯流泵装置叶片区压力脉动试验

为研究潜水贯流泵装置叶片区压力脉动特性,采用动态压力传感器在模型泵装置叶片前缘、中部和尾缘附近设置3个压力监测点,对多个工况的压力脉动进行测量。试验结果表明,不同流量工况下,叶频及叶频倍数是叶片区压力脉动的主要频率,在大流量工况下,叶片前缘和尾缘处主频为两倍叶频,叶片中部为叶频,其余工况下各监测点主频均为叶频。空化对叶片前缘压力脉动影响较为复杂,大流量工况下临界空化时主频由两倍叶频变为一倍叶频,达到深度空化时主频幅值明显减小,设计流量工况下空化使得谐波频率上升,频域分布更广,小流量工况下主频幅值随空化的发展呈上升趋势。叶片中部和尾缘主频幅值表现出随空化发展增大趋势。相同流量工况下,压力脉动强度从叶片中部、尾缘到前缘总体上呈减小趋势,且叶片区各监测点压力脉动强度随流量增加总体呈下降趋势。     

螺旋离心式诱导轮对旋流泵力学特性的影响

为了优化旋流泵输送含复杂介质、固相颗粒流体的能力和提高固液两相流输送效率,在叶轮前加置具有导向和推进作用的螺旋离心式诱导轮.通过对150WX-200-20型旋流泵进行数值计算及试验,获得了有、无诱导轮式旋流泵的性能变化,在此基础上,将旋流泵的力学特性与流动特性结合起来,分析螺旋离心式诱导轮对旋流泵力学特性的影响.研究结果表明,无叶腔内流体在诱导轮作用下,流体的运动形态发生变化,产生了旋涡、二次流等现象,加剧了压力脉动的强度,但压力脉动幅值有减小的趋势;蜗壳内压力脉动强度不仅与监测点和隔舌的相对位置有关,也和监测点所在流面的截面面积存在一定联系,当监测点所在断面面积既能保证流体受蜗壳的约束,且流体流动更加均匀时,该监测点的压力脉动越小;加置诱导轮后,进入叶轮流体由轴向运动转为径向运动,从而削弱轴向力的大小,同时,单叶片诱导轮非对称结构也会加剧波动变化.这一研究对了解旋流泵内的压力脉动变化、削弱轴向力及提高泵运行的稳定性具有重要意义.     

Biological actions of atrial natriuretic factor in flatfish

Flounder adapted to seawater were chronically cannulated and received a single i.v. injection of either saline (control) or 10 µg/kg b.w. of human ANF. Compared to controls, ANF significantly reduced (p<0.001) mean arterial blood pressure; full recovery was evident after 4 hours. Blood samples taken at intervals after saline or ANF injection showed that ANF caused a marked increase of 33.7 µg/100 ml in plasma cortisol concentration (p<0.001) 5 hours post injection. The rate of recovery of²²Na in seawater after a single i.v. injection of 14×10⁶ cpm/kg²²NaCl was significantly increased (p<0.01) following ANF injection compared to controls suggesting that ANF stimulates Na⁺ efflux. This observation was confirmed in plaice and dab. The steroidogenic action of ANF and its ability to promote Na⁺ efflux are discussed in relation to its potential osmoregulatory role in teleost fish.     

考虑应力敏感性影响的三项式产能方程

低渗透气藏存在较强的应力敏感性,大量岩石实验数据回归研究表明,幂函数渗透率应力敏感性经验方程相关性相对较好,而前人利用该关系式来研究低渗透气藏气井产能的报道较少。在这样的背景下,利用幂函数应力敏感性经验公式,综合考虑渗透率应力敏感效应、启动压力梯度、紊流效应和表皮系数,建立了一个新的适用于低渗透异常高压气井的三项式产能方程。不同参数组合情况下的气井流入动态曲线对比研究结果表明,应力敏感性、启动压力梯度和紊流效应对低渗透气藏气井产能的影响较大,在产能评价研究时必须予以考虑。     

Evaluation of oscillometric and Doppler ultrasonic devices for blood pressure measurements in anesthetized and conscious dogs

Two non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP) devices (oscillometry and Doppler) were compared to invasive blood pressure using a Bland–Altman analysis, in anesthetized and conscious dogs. When considering the systolic arterial pressure only during general anesthesia, both NIBP devices slightly underestimated the systolic arterial blood pressure however the precision and the limits of agreement for the Doppler were of a greater magnitude. This indicates a worse clinical performance by the Doppler. The performance of both NIBP devices deteriorated as measured in conscious animals. In general, for the oscillometric device, determination of invasive diastolic and mean arterial pressures was better than the invasive systolic arterial pressure. Overall, the oscillometric device satisfied more of the criteria set by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement. Based upon these results, the oscillometric device is more reliable than the Doppler in the determination of blood pressure in healthy medium to large breed dogs.