Farmers' irrigation practices in a high rainfall area

Recent droughts in the humid southeastern United States have focused attention on the need for and use of supplemental irrigation. Total annual rainfall amounts are sufficient for most crops in the region. However, erratic distribution of rainfall and the low water-holding capacities of most soils in the region cause frequent drought stresses in many crops. An on-farm study was conducted in southeastern Alabama to evaluate the effects of farmers' irrigation scheduling decisions on soil moisture variations in peanut fields irrigated with center-pivot irrigation systems. The study showed that the way irrigation was practiced in this high rainfall area often caused soil moisture deficit (SMD) level higher than the desired SMD limit during over 20% of the 140-day growing season. This is partially due to farmers' tendency to delay irrigation in anticipation of rainfall which may or may not occur, as rainfall during the growing season is often erratic and local. In contrast SMD in non-irrigated fields was higher than the SMD limit for half of the growing season.Abbreviations SMD soil moisture deficit - ET evapotranspiration - R_eff effective rainfall - WHC water holding capacity     

地下滴灌棉花栽培试验与技术研究

根据新疆兵团农五师九十团8hm^2地下滴灌棉花栽培、灌溉和施肥等方面的试验研究，地下滴灌与地面滴灌比较，无论投入产出和作物的长势，地下滴灌都比地面滴灌优越。地下滴灌比地面滴灌工程设备、材料费低0．15297万元／hm^2，降低年运行费用841．8元／hm^2。     

节水灌溉对水稻钾素营养的影响

研究了节水灌溉条件下、不同施肥制度水稻植树对钾的吸收状况。结果表明：灌溉方式和施肥制度对水稻钾的吸收状况均不会造成极显著的影响。节水灌溉能显著提高水稻植株含钾量。     

文丘里差压式喷灌施肥装置的性能研究

本文主要介绍100PS－1型文丘里差压式施肥装置的工作原理、水力学性能、施肥罐内肥料浓度的变化规律及施肥均匀度的试验数据。通过对试验结果的研究分析,我们认为采用这种形式施肥装置是完全符合喷灌系统对施肥的要求的。     

The quality of service provided by the irrigation department to the users associations, Tunuyan System, Mendoza, Argentina

The quality of service provided by the provincial Irrigation Department (DGI) to the Water Users Associations (UA), and subsequently by the UA's to the related water users, is based on the provincial water law. The intended volume of water being delivered per considered period further depends on the water availability and on the (crop irrigation) water requirements. The Service Level (SL) compares the intended water supply with the water supply that would be required to supply the entire irrigable area with sufficient water. As soon as the intended water delivery pattern is set, the measured actual delivery can be assessed against the intention. Several performance indicators are used in this context. Based on the assessment of the Water Delivery Performance Ratio and the Overall Consumed Ratio recommendations are made on changes which can be made to improve water use and reduce problems of waterlogging.     

依靠农民全面开展节水灌溉

缺水是世界普遍现象，节水是长期战略措施。开发农业节水，一方面要改善灌溉系统的基础设施，推广节水新技术，另一方面应应该吸收农民参与灌溉管理，充分发挥农民的积极性。农民参与灌溉管理是必然的趋势，也是农业节水最有效的措施之一。     

Spreadsheets for water management — a case study from the Brantas Delta,East Java

The use of commercially available spreadsheet programs for scheduling of water supplies for large scale irrigation networks is a relatively new phenomenom. The paper describes the development and application of such a program for a 30 000 ha irrigation scheme in the Brantas Delta, East Java. The program has been in use for day-to-day scheduling of main system supplies since April 1986, during which time refinements and adjustments have been necessary to formulate a working package. The paper draws conclusions regarding the value of the program for improving water management.     

垄膜沟种涌泉灌溉技术要素的试验研究

在垄膜沟种农田进行了涌泉灌灌水试验，通过对水流推进过程观测，分析了田面水流运动特性，研究了沟宽对田间灌水均匀度的影响，并对垄膜沟种涌泉灌溉技术要素进行了探讨。结果表明，涌泉灌田面水流推进曲线可用幂函数表示。随着沟宽的增大，灌水均匀度呈下降趋势。从灌水质量和管网成本两方面综合考虑，试验条件下灌水技术要素的入沟流量、沟宽和灌水器间距分别以80～100L/h、20-30cm和4～5m为宜。     

棉花膜下滴灌监控系统软件的设计

将工业自动化通用组态软件KingView和VB开发软件有机结合起来,设计棉花膜下滴灌智能决策与自动监控系统软件,并以数据库、模型库、知识库和方法库为技术核心,通过田间传感器进行数据实时采集、计算、分析与决策,由控制系统发送决策指令来控制灌溉设备开/闭,以提高灌溉的时效性。     

Farmer's perspective on irrigation performance

Of the many client groups with interests in irrigation system performance, farmers are probably the least often considered. This paper attempts to explore the meaning of irrigation performance from their perspective, highlighting at the outset basic difference between this perspective and that of system managers. It then reviews several important concepts underlying a consideration of performance in irrigation systems. The paper then proposes and discusses a set of twelve measures of irrigation service judged to be of interest to farmers. These are adequacy, timeliness, equity, tractability, convenience, predictability, temperature, sediment content, salt content, nutrient content, toxics, and pathogens.