新疆盐碱地长期利用盐水灌溉土壤盐分变化

在地下水位3～5m、壤质土壤条件下,利用盐碱地时用2～5g/L盐化水灌溉,土壤1m剖面均为脱盐状况。灌溉盐化水15年后,1m土壤残留阴离子浓度较小,多点平均为3.709毫克当量/100克土。其中HCO-3相对较多,1m多点平均为0.404毫克当量/100克土。K++Na+浓度很大,1m多点平均为2.492毫克当量/100克土。这时,土壤1m全盐多点平均为0.248%,在灌溉水矿化度不直接危害作物生长时,不影响耕作和作物正常生长。由此可见,盐化水在盐碱地上无排灌溉,是可行的。     

农田优化灌溉动态管理基本程序与方法研究

从土壤———作物———大气连续体角度出发 ,利用田间试验资料和气象资料 ,分析了影响优化灌溉方案制定的有关因子 ,确定出春小麦、春玉米不同生长阶段土壤水分控制下限标准 ;在土壤水分平衡理论的基础上 ,建立了时域滚动预报灌溉日期的方法 ;并以春小麦、春玉米农田为例进行了检验 ,结果比较理想     

特种优质水稻灌溉技术的试验研究

为了达到节水、改土和增产的目的,通过研究灌溉方式对耗水量、灌溉定额、灌水次数和特种优质水稻生长发育及其产量的影响,水文年型和品种对耗水量的影响,优选出了特种优质水稻最适宜的田间水分控制模式。     

温室雨水收集系统的应用研究

根据雨水资源的现状。对我国温室雨水资源进行了分析。为了提高对雨水的利用。提出了利用温室雨水收集系统收集雨水用于温室灌溉．并对系统的经济性及应用前景作了分析。     

Subsurface drip irrigation of onions: Effects of drip tape emitter spacing on yield and quality

Improved irrigation water use efficiency is an important component of sustainable agricultural production. Efficient water delivery systems such as subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) can contribute immensely towards improving crop water use efficiency and conserving water. However, critical management considerations such as choice of SDI tube, emitter spacing and installation depth are necessary to attain improved irrigation efficiencies and production benefits. In this study, we evaluated the effects of subsurface drip tape emitter spacing (15, 20 and 30 cm) on yield and quality of sweet onions grown at two locations in South Texas—Weslaco and Los Ebanos. Season-long cumulative crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was 513 mm in Weslaco and 407 mm at Los Ebanos. Total crop water input (rain + irrigation) at Weslaco was roughly equal to ETc (92% ETc) whereas at Los Ebanos, water inputs exceeded ETc by about 35%. Onion yields ranged from 58.5 to 70.3 t ha⁻¹ but were not affected by drip tube emitter spacing. Onion pungency (pyruvic acid development) and soluble solids concentration were also not significantly influenced by treatments. Crop water use efficiency was slightly higher at Weslaco (13.7 kg/m³) than at Los Ebanos (11.7 kg/m³) partly because of differences in total water inputs resulting from differences in irrigation management. The absence of any significant effects of drip tape emitter spacing on onion yield may be due to the fact that irrigation was managed to provide roughly similar irrigation amounts and optimum soil moisture conditions in all treatments.     

Remote sensing of biotic and abiotic stress for irrigation management of cotton

The applicability of commercially available remote sensing instrumentation was evaluated for site-specific management of abiotic and biotic stress on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown under a center pivot low energy precision application (LEPA) irrigation system. This study was conducted in a field where three irrigation regimes (100%, 75%, and 50% ET_c) were imposed on areas of Phymatotrichum (root rot) with the specific objectives to (1) examine commercial remote sensing instrumentation for locating areas showing biotic and abiotic stress symptomology in a cotton field, (2) compare data obtained from commercial aerial infrared photography to that collected by infrared transducers (IRTs) mounted on a center pivot, (3) evaluate canopy temperature changes between irrigation regimes and their relationship to lint yield with IRTs and/or IR photography, and (4) explore the use of deficit irrigation and the use of crop coefficients for irrigation scheduling. Pivot-mounted IRTs and an IR camera were able to differentiate water stress among irrigation regimes. The IR camera distinguished between biotic (root rot) and abiotic (drought) stress with the assistance of groundtruthing. The 50% ET_c regime had significantly higher canopy temperatures than the other two regimes, which was reflected in significantly lower lint yields when compared to the 75% and 100% ET_c regimes. Deficit irrigation down to 75% ET_c had no impact on lint yield, indicating that water savings were possible without reducing yield.     

Effect of timing of first and last irrigation on the yield and water use efficiency in cotton

With increasing concern about declining water resources, there is increasing thrust in improving water management in farming systems to improve water use efficiency. The present investigation was undertaken to determine the optimum timing for the first and last irrigation of cotton on the basis of meteorological approach for scheduling irrigations. The experiment was conducted in a split plot design with three timings of first irrigation as main-plots and three timing of last irrigation as sub-plots. Delay of first irrigation from 28 days after sowing (DAS) to 42 DAS, irrespective of last irrigation, resulted in an increase of 8, 14 and 17% in seed cotton yield during first, second and third year, respectively. The corresponding increases due to delay in the last irrigation from 130 to 170 DAS were 14, 32 and 8%, respectively. On the basis of 3 years average, application of first and last irrigation at optimum time (after 42 and 170 days after sowing) resulted in an increase of 36% in seed cotton yield without involving any additional cost. Water expense efficiency (WEE) increased by 54%.     

灌溉水利用系数综合测定法实例分析

灌溉水利用系数是衡量农业节水效果的关键指标。目前各地区统计出的灌溉水利用系数差异极大。很多数据明显的存在错误，难以作为比较与衡量的标准。影响灌溉水利用系数正常测定的主要原因是传统测定方法存在测定工作量巨大、测定条件难以保证等。通过开展对灌溉水利用系数资料的搜集、整理并对灌区进行实地调研，在了解目前灌区灌溉水利用系数测量中存在问题及原因的基础上，对灌区灌溉水利用系数测量计算方法进行了分析研究，提出了测定灌溉水利用系数的综合测定计算方法。该方法既克服了传统测量方法中工作量大，需要大量人力、物力才能完成的缺点，又弥补了只测量典型渠段而引起较大误差的不足，而且能反映出灌区渠系用水情况、灌溉工程质量及灌溉用水管理水平等。以漳河灌区为例进行了应用分析。     

行走式自动点灌机的设计分析及应用

从改变点灌机整机的传动原理入手，使整机结构简单、布置合理、造价低廉；将所需要的灌水排量变为可调式，使水能及时、准确地注入穴位；简化了直流永磁电机的制作工艺，从上述诸方面阐述了行走式自动点灌机结构的设计特点，简述了该机的效益及应用前景，并对今后进一步的研究提出了建议。     

节水灌溉自动控制器的设计与研究

论述了一种自动化节水灌溉控制系统的硬件设计、外部连线及其使用功能。系统控制器以与8051完全兼容的GMS90L51单片机为核心，采用计算机分布式管理；系统有传感器自动闭环控制、手动／半手动控制、微机超控等多种工作方式；系统能够实现自动化灌溉，具有排水警示、实时时钟、历史数据查询、数据上传及双向通信等功能。