Invasive dynamics of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) in the international section of the River Minho (NW of the Iberian Peninsula)

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Preserve and produce: experience in implementing payments for environmental services in two indigenous communities in the Northern and Southern ranges of Oaxaca,Mexico

Payments for environmental services (PES) are conservation instruments in place in various Latin American countries. They are generally undergoing adjustment and implementation changes, and they are widely implemented in indigenous communities. This article aims to suggest a relevant group of context variables in PES implementation. Characterizing the local context of two indigenous communities located in Oaxaca, Mexico, and analyzing the relationship between the local context and PES implementation and outcomes perceptions.

The work is based on 75 surveys administered to beneficiary families of the instrument in the two localities. The results suggest three conclusions:

The pertinence of the nine focal variables: “Forest cover, Opportunity costs, Livelihoods, Trust and cooperation, Motivations toward conservation, Management practices, Internal organization, Land tenure and Rules for the management and use” to the characterization of the local context. And the relevance of the new focal variable “Presence and experience with Civil Society Organizations”.

The coincidence between the contextual variables and the determinants of the success of conservation instruments.

Finally, the incidence of “Trust and cooperation” and “Internal organization” in the implementation of equitable PES schemes. And the importance of linking sustainable production to PES conservation schemes.     

Vertebrate pesticide risk assessment by indigenous communities in New Zealand

In New Zealand, the vertebrate pesticide sodium fluoroacetate (Compound 1080) is aerially applied in baits for control of the brush-tailed possum Trichosurus vulpecula (Kerr, 1792). Maori, the indigenous people of New Zealand, have raised concerns about 1080 impacts on culturally-important species. Here, we outline two steps taken to help Maori assess 1080 risk. First, field research was undertaken to determine if naturally-occurring plants utilized by a Maori community for food and medicine would take up 1080 from baits. Single baits were placed at the base of individual plants of two species, pikopiko (Asplenium bulbiferum) and karamuramu (Coprosma robusta). Plants were sampled at various times up to 56 days, and samples were analyzed for 1080 content. No 1080 was detected in any of the pikopiko samples, whereas 1080 was detected in karamuramu, at a maximum concentration of 5 ppb after seven days, and 2.5 ppb after 14 days. This concentration decreased to 0 at 28 days, indicating that 1080 was not persistent. The results of the present study suggest there is negligible risk of humans being poisoned by consuming plants that have taken up 1080 from baits. To allay community concerns that minute concentrations of 1080 might influence the medicinal properties of plants, it is suggested that a withholding period of 30 days after 1080 control operations could be adopted. Second, after further consultation we undertook a review of the scientific literature relating to 1080 impacts on additional non-target species of cultural importance to Maori. The information was presented on an interactive foodweb database that allowed the collection and presentation of a large volume of complex information about 1080 in a holistic and pictorial fashion. This database was presented to many Maori communities throughout New Zealand, and feedback was overwhelmingly positive. The database is likely to play a key role in informing these communities about 1080, and is seen as an important new tool to help these communities make their own risk assessments.     

紫色土中联苯菊酯残留对土著微生物的影响

为了阐明紫色土农药残留的生态环境效应特征及土壤微生物响应机理,以三峡库区具代表性的紫色土为材料,通过玉米盆栽模拟试验和平板计数法,研究了残留态联苯菊酯对紫色土土著微生物数量的影响。结果表明,低浓度联苯菊酯对土著细菌和放线菌有显著的促生效应,依联苯菊酯浓度从低到高,土壤细菌和放线菌数量随时间逐次出现最高峰值：第6天,LB-L处理下的细菌和放线菌数分别达9.02×106 个/g和2.77×106 个/g,约为相应对照的9倍和3倍;第11天,LB-M的细菌数约为对照的77倍,达到5.19×107 个/g;第16天时,LB-H的细菌数为1.71×107 个/g,LB-M和LB-H处理下的放线菌数分别为4.04×106 个/g、4.35×106 个/g。其次,联苯菊酯残留对土著真菌有显著且迅速的抑制作用,即使在2.50 mg/kg残留水平下,真菌数量也会在施加联苯菊酯后第2天发生显著降低。再次,紫色土中3种土著微生物类群对残留态联苯菊酯均表现出一定的生态适应性,但表现有所不同：土著细菌的生态响应存在阈值,土著放线菌表现为较长时期内稳定的促生效应,土著真菌则表现为可恢复的抑制效应。试验表明,土壤微生物数量等生物因素可作为联苯菊酯对紫色土根际微生态影响的重要评价指标。     

乡村公园植物配置方法研究——以北碚静观乡村公园为例

从现状入手,探讨乡村公园植物选材、植物配置的基本原则和方法,分析其中存在的一些误区。并结合自身设计的北碚静观乡村公园中几个具有特色的景区特点,进一步探讨乡村公园如何通过植物配置来体现乡村的特色。     

Developing a family engagement plan for Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander STEM students in higher education: A review and critique of the literature

This paper reviews and critiques the literature on family engagement programmes in higher education, from the perspective of issues that may affect the design of programmes serving Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander students and their families. While there is compelling research suggesting that increasing students' family members' engagement with higher education will benefit students, it is unclear whether the concept of family engagement as it is conceived in western educational contexts can be universally and unproblematically applied in Pacific contexts. Recommendations for best practices in family engagement programme design highlight communication efforts with parents that can be characterised as fundraising and ‘friendraising’, but do not address issues specific to the experiences of under‐represented groups in higher education. Drawing on the literature and experiences of indigenous and other under‐represented students, and incorporating insights from literature on decolonising methodologies, we present considerations for authentic and culturally responsive family engagement for Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander students, families and communities.     

Factors Influencing Use of Traditional Communication Methods in Information Dissemination Among Farmers in Osun State,Nigeria

Critical factors influencing farmers’ use of traditional communication methods (TCMs) in information dissemination were isolated with a factor analytical technique. The results show that most of the farmers were between 31 and 60 years and the majority (63%) employ use of TCMs such as proverbs, hooting, putting leaves on path, and use of palm fronds to deliver information at a moderate level. The features of TCMs, farmers’ personal characteristics, economic proficiency, and influence of social contact were factors influencing use of TCMs. It was concluded that use of TCMs is influenced by their peculiarities in discerning information and the user's personal and socioeconomic characteristics.     

中国6个地方鸡种蛋壳质量和超微结构的比较

实验测定和观察比较同一饲养条件下6个地方鸡种同一天所产的各30枚蛋的蛋重、蛋形指数、蛋壳颜色、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度和蛋壳超微结构。结果表明:蛋形指数以茶花鸡、藏鸡和金湖乌凤鸡较合适,基本维持在1.32~1.34;金湖乌凤鸡的蛋壳厚度和蛋壳强度分别为0.33 mm和4752.20 g/cm2;6品种蛋鸡蛋壳质量由高到低依次为金湖乌凤鸡、边鸡、泰和鸡、北京油鸡、藏鸡和茶花鸡。泰和鸡蛋壳外表面裂隙数分别比金湖乌凤鸡、边鸡、茶花鸡、藏鸡和北京油鸡多4.37%、11.87%、28.75%、43.75%和32.50%;而金湖乌凤鸡蛋壳外表面裂隙宽仅有0.88μm;藏鸡蛋壳栅栏层厚度所占百分比为63.30%;金湖乌凤鸡蛋壳的乳头数和乳头宽分别为10.67个/μm2和36.32μm。蛋壳外表面的裂隙数、乳头层、栅栏层及晶体层厚度百分比和乳头数与蛋壳强度均呈显著或极显著正相关,而裂隙宽和乳头宽与蛋壳强度呈极显著负相关。     

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation of Peanut in Low-Fertile Tropical Soil. II. Alleviation of Drought Stress

The effect of drought stress and inoculation with an indigenous Mozambican and a commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculant on root colonization and plant growth and yield was studied in two peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars—a traditional, low-yielding Mozambican landrace (Local) and a modern, high-yielding cultivar (Falcon)—grown in a non-sterile Mozambican soil. In these cultivars, AM mycorrhizal colonization was not substantially reduced by drought stress. Growth and yield of inoculated plants subjected to drought stress were increased in comparison with non-inoculated ones. The indigenous Mozambique inoculant significantly increased leaf and root growth in both cultivars under drought stress by preventing an increase in root weight ratio (RWR) and maximum root-length to leaf-area ratio (MRLAR). The commercial Hannover inoculant had a positive effect on growth only under well-watered conditions, this result was due most likely to a lesser ability to adapt to drought conditions to which the AM fungal strains in Mozambique inoculant are frequently exposed. Such drought-stress effects on growth could be alleviated by inoculation with Mozambique inoculant, particularly because of its ability to decrease sensitivity of the host plant to reduction in leaf expansion. Therefore, an adequate management of the AM symbiosis may improve peanut productivity, particularly under drought stress and in small-scale farming systems.     

费氏中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium fredii)质粒复制基因repC序列多样性的研究

采用质粒快速检测法从供试33株费氏中华根瘤菌中分别检测出2～4个内源大质粒。用根据豌豆根瘤菌的repC基因设计1对引物RCI和RC3,从供试菌株及3株华癸中生根瘤菌和1株大豆慢生根瘤菌中扩增得到repC基因片段,证明在费氏中华根瘤菌中广泛存在repC基因。通过对扩增产物的测序,并与已报道的repC基因序列进行聚类分析,发现供试菌株可分为2个群,群a和群b,群内十分保守,但群间差异明显;其中群b的序列与已知类型的差异明显。