“十一五”我国农业装备制造业自主创新战略研究

论文分析了新时期我国农业装备业发展面临的机遇和存在的制约因素,提出实施自主创新战略,振兴农业准备制造业的总体思路是“重点突破、总体提升;增强能力,保障供给”,研究确立了农业装备自主创新战略的四大目标、五大重点领域,并从农业装备技术创新体系建设、技术创新模式选择、技术创新服务支撑体系建设等方面,提出相应的措施与建议。     

Dinoflagellate cysts in ballast sediments: differences between Canada's east coast,west coast and the Great Lakes

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Performance of Bangladesh indigenous rice in a weed infested field and separation of allelopathy from resource competition

This study aimed to identify the potential allelopathic indigenous rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) varieties from Bangladesh using a performance study in a weed‐infested field and to assess the extent of allelopathic interference relative to resource competition in a glasshouse experiment. Six varieties – namely, “Boterswar,” “Goria,” “Biron” and “Kartiksail” as the most allelopathic, “Hashikolmi” as weakly allelopathic and “Holoi” as nonallelopathic – were raised following a nonweed control method. The infestation levels of weed species were calculated using Simpson's Diversity Index (SDI), which ranged from 0.2 to 0.56. However, a significant correlation coefficient (0.87, P < 0.001) was obtained from these field data compared with the root inhibition percentage from the laboratory bioassay, and the “Boterswar” variety was the most allelopathic. The interactions between the allelopathic variety “Boterswar,” weakly allelopathic variety “Hashikolmi” and Echinochloa oryzicola via a target (rice)‐adjacent (E. oryzicola) cogrowth culture were determined in a hydroponic arrangement. The relative competitive intensity (RCI) and the relative neighbor effect (RNE) values showed that the crop–weed interaction was facilitation for “Boterswar” and competition for “Hashikolmi” and E. oryzicola in rice/E. oryzicola cogrowth cultures. The allelopathic effects of “Boterswar” were much higher than the resource competition in rice/E. oryzicola cogrowth cultures. The converse was observed for “Hashikolmi.” Moreover, the mineral content of E. oryzicola was severely affected by “Boterswar”/E. oryzicola cogrowth cultures’ exudate solution. Therefore, the allelopathic potential of “Boterswar” variety might be useful for developing the weed‐suppressing capacity of rice, which will likely have a significant influence on paddy weed control.     

Potential of indigenous Bacillus spp. as probiotic feed supplements in an extruded low‐fish‐meal diet for juvenile olive flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

A 12‐week feeding trial was designed to assess the probiotic potential of indigenous Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and/or Bacillus subtilis singly or in combination with Bacillus licheniformis in an extruded feed for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) juveniles. A high fish meal (FM) diet (control) and a low‐FM diet containing an alternative protein blend (30% FM replacement, FM30) were formulated. Three other experimental diets were prepared by inclusion of B. amyloliquefaciens (BA), B. subtilis (BS), or a mixture of B. amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis, and B. licheniformis (BASL) into FM30 diet, with a final concentration of 10⁶ CFU/g diet. Results indicated that the FM30 diet was well tolerated by flounder, and the overall performance was not affected by dietary treatments. Lysozyme activity and total immunoglobulin level were significantly reduced in flounders when fed with the FM30 diet compared with the BASL and BA diets, respectively. The Bacillus additives neither enriched the relative abundance of the corresponding Bacillus spp. in the relevant gut microbiota of olive flounder nor modulated the presumptive gene functions of the gut microbiome. Despite the absence of growth‐promoting effect, the tested probiotics could still be economically viable for use as immunostimulants in commercial flounder diets with partial FM replacement.     

Invasive dynamics of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) in the international section of the River Minho (NW of the Iberian Peninsula)

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Weak effects of habitat type on susceptibility to invasive freshwater species: an Italian case study

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不同基质和生长调节剂对乡土植物扦插生根的影响*

在温室条件下,采用不同质量浓度ABT2号生根粉对蔓花生(Arachis duranensis)、碰碰香(Plectranthus tomentosa)和四季秋海棠(Begonia semperflorens)进行扦插试验,结果表明:质量浓度为100 mg/L的ABT2号生根粉溶液可以提高蔓花生的成活率;碰碰香在ABT2号生根粉为300 mg/L时比较容易生根;不同质量浓度ABT2号生根粉对四季秋海棠的生根没有显著影响,说明四季秋海棠比较容易生根.采用3种基质对天胡荽(Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides)、锦绣苋(Alternanthera bettzickiana)和铺地锦竹草(Callisia repens)进行扦插生根研究发现:天胡荽在田园土基质和泥炭土+珍珠岩基质中均有较好的生根效果;锦绣苋和铺地锦竹草均在泥炭土+珍珠岩基质中的生根效果最好.     

INDIGENOUS SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION BY TERAS IN EASTERN SUDAN

Recent remotely sensed and socio-economic data of the Border Area in eastern Sudan indicate that indigenous soil and water conservation (ISWC) is expanding. The most elaborate technique is teras (bunded landholding) which uses earth bunds to harvest rainwater from small catchments. Most factors suggested in the literature to account for ISWC expansion do not apply to the Border Area. On the contrary, the region is characterised by precisely those factors which are commonly held to be responsible for a declining incidence of ISWC. Given the low level of ISWC returns when compared with incomes from other economic sectors and crop production techniques in the Border Area, the importance of ISWC must be understood from other merits. These include its role in livelihood diversification and risk-reduction strategies at household level. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同品种哺乳仔猪精氨酸代谢特性比较研究

我国地方品种猪与外来猪生长速度差异明显。鉴于精氨酸对仔猪生长发育的重要性,本研究选用14日龄哺乳的宁乡猪、湘西黑猪、蓝塘猪、巴马香猪、环江香猪和长白猪各12头,公、母各半,前腔静脉采血,离心分离血清,测定其中游离精氨酸和一氧化氮(NO)的浓度;采集肠道、肌肉、肝脏和肾脏等组织,测定其中的游离精氨酸浓度和NO合成酶(NOS)活性以及N-乙酰谷氨酸合成酶(NAGS,内源性精氨酸合成限速酶)mRNA的绝对表达量。结果表明,长白猪的血清精氨酸浓度显著高于(P<0.05)其他地方品种猪,血清NO浓度高于(P＞0.05)其他地方品种猪;各品种猪空肠前段和肝脏中的NOS活性最高,肾脏中的NOS活性最低;长白猪的空肠前段NOS活性仅低于宁乡猪,肝脏NOS活性仅高于环江香猪;在各个组织均检测到NAGS mRNA不同程度的表达,其中肠道和肝脏中的表达水平最高。综上所述,本研究揭示了不同品种哺乳仔猪血清精氨酸和NO浓度、3种主要组织游离精氨酸含量和NOS活性以及12种组织中NAGS基因的表达谱差异,为解释不同品种猪的生长表型差异提供了营养生化基础。     

Relationship Between the First Base of the Donor Splice Site of Waxy Gene Intron 1 and Amylose Content in Yunnan Indigenous Rice Varieties

There exists a single nucleotide polymorphism, G or T, at the first base of the donor splice site of waxy gene intron 1 in rice. In order to study the relationship between the first base of the donor splice site of waxy gene intron 1 and amylose content in rice, the one-step PCR method was used to determine whether it is G or T in 220 Yunnan indigenous rice varieties from 14 districts, 55 towns/counties of Yunnan Province, and 101 varieties of which were validated by the PCR-Acc I method. According to the G/T polymorphism, 164 rice varieties showed GG-genotype, while the other 56 fell into TT-genotype, accounting for 74.5% and 25.5% of all the test varieties, respectively. When all the rice varieties were divided into indica and japonica subspecies, it was found that 80.5% of indica rice and 67.0% of japonica rice belonged to GG-genotype. The rice varieties with GG-genotype had significantly higher amylose content (18.95% on average) than those with TT-genotype (all below 16%), but 33 rice varieties with GG-genotype still had low amylose content ranging from 3.91% to 15.93%, and most of them came from the Dai minority area in the Southwest of Yunnan Province. However, there was no significant difference in the mean amylose content of the same GG or TT genotypes between indica and japonica rice, suggesting that different genetic backgrounds, indica or japonica, had no effect on amylose content. The coefficient of correlation between the genotype and amylose content was 0.733 (P<0.01).