农业机械化与农民增收关系的交互动态响应分析——基于吉林省统计核算数据

为探究农业机械化发展与农民增收之间的关系,以吉林省1998—2018年的时间序列数据为例,通过灰色关联分析和构建VAR模型,利用脉冲响应函数和方差分解分别探讨农业机械化与农民增收之间的关系。结果表明:农业机械化发展与农民人均纯收入之间的灰色关联度为0.8345,关系比较密切;吉林省农业机械化发展与农民人均纯收入之间存在长期均衡关系。从长期来看,农业机械总动力每增加1%,农民人均纯收入会上涨1.4561%;吉林省农业机械化发展与农民人均纯收入之间存在双向因果关系,两者之间相互影响,而且农业机械化发展对农民人均纯收入增长的影响程度更大。最后,为更好地促进吉林省农业机械化发展提出相关建议。     

Determination of growth-stage-specific crop coefficients (Kc) of cotton and wheat

Development of crop coefficient (Kc), the ratio of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) to reference evapotranspiration (ETo), can enhance ETc estimates in relation to specific crop phenological development. This research was conducted to determine growth-stage-specific Kc and crop water use for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) at the Texas AgriLife Research field at Uvalde, TX, USA from 2005 to 2008. Weighing lysimeters were used to measure crop water use and local weather data were used to determine the reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Seven lysimeters, weighing about 14 Mg, consisted of undisturbed 1.5 m × 2.0 m × 2.2 m deep soil monoliths. Six lysimeters were located in the center of a 1-ha field beneath a linear-move sprinkler system equipped with low energy precision application (LEPA) and a seventh lysimeter was established to measure reference grass ETo. Crop water requirements, Kc determination, and comparison to existing FAO Kc values were determined over a 2-year period on cotton and a 3-year period on wheat. Seasonal total amounts of crop water use ranged from 689 to 830 mm for cotton and from 483 to 505 mm for wheat. The Kc values determined over the growing seasons varied from 0.2 to 1.5 for cotton and 0.1 to 1.7 for wheat. Some of the values corresponded and some did not correspond to those from FAO-56 and from the Texas High Plains and elsewhere in other states. We assume that the development of regionally based and growth-stage-specific Kc helps in irrigation management and provides precise water applications for this region.     

滑阀节流槽阀口的流量控制特性

提出以节流槽内节流面的串并联效应确定二节矩形节流槽阀口面积的原则,推导出阀口面积的计算公式并编制了阀口面积的计算程序;在此基础上对二节矩形节流槽的流量特性进行了试验,试验表明二节矩形节流槽阀口的流量系数是单节矩形槽阀口流量系数的组合,流量系数在阀口开度较小或接近全开时流量系数快速增大,在阀口开度中间区段流量系数较小,在二节节流槽的交界处流量系数增大,流出节流槽方向的流量系数比流入方向约大0.1;提出了反映节流槽阀口流量控制特性的参数阀口流量面积Aq,阀口流量面积为阀口面积和流量系数的耦合函数,与阀口面积及流量系数传统概念相比,阀口流量面积更加合理地表征了阀口几何面积和阀口形状对流量的控制作用.     

插入式地下滴水器的研制与水力性能试验分析

在对现有滴头、滴箭等产品结构改进与优化设计的基础上,研制开发出一种具有快速装拆、移动灵活、抗堵塞功能的插入式地下滴水器产品,通过产品的具体结构组成与工作原理分析,进行了其流量均匀性、压力-流量关系的试验研究,结果表明:插入式地下滴水器所需起始工作压力低,额定流量小,具有较稳定的水力性能,适合用于对缺水区非密植作物的补充性抗旱灌溉,起到提高设备利用率、有效降低灌溉系统投资的作用,且能成功地把地表滴灌转化为地下滴灌的应用模式.     

不同水肥模式的水稻叶面积修正系数试验研究

叶面积修正系数直接决定着长宽修正系数法测量叶面积的精确程度.为探讨水肥模式对水稻叶面积修正系数的影响,基于水稻实测叶面积及叶片长、宽数据计算叶面积修正系数,并分析其变化规律.结果表明,各处理生育前期水稻叶面积修正系数接近或超过经验值0.75,中期较小,抽穗开花期略有上升并稳定至0.7左右.常规灌溉处理上层叶片叶面积修正系数较控制灌溉大,叶片更加细长.不同肥料处理中,控释肥处理叶面积修正系数普遍偏低;常规肥及实地肥处理在生育前期可以采用经验值进行叶面积计算;抽穗开花及以后各生育期,各处理均可采用相同的叶面积修正系数;生育中期各处理叶面积修正系数较低.     

A rapid extensigraph protocol for measuring dough viscoelasticity and mixing requirement

The extensigraph is particularly useful in characterizing dough viscoelastic properties; however, testing throughput for standard method is low due to the prerequisite for farinograph water absorption, long dough resting and milling to prepare large amounts of flour. Therefore, a rapid extensigraph method was developed that reduced sample size (165 g wheat) for milling and more than tripled throughput. Wheat is milled in Quadrumat Junior mill with a modified sieving system. The resulting flour (100 g) was mixed with a pin mixer at constant water absorption to allow the evaluation of wheat genotypes at the absorption level they are expected to perform. Dough was subsequently stretched by an extensigraph after 15 min of floor time and 30 min resting. Strong correlations for extensigram R_max (r > 0.93), extensibility (r > 0.64) and area (r > 0.88) were found for the proposed method compared to the standard method. Mixing parameters (time and energy) obtained during dough preparation provided further information about dough strength and mixing requirement. By significantly reducing sample size requirement and increasing testing throughput, this rapid extensigraph method can be widely adopted in milling and baking industry and meets the need for a fast evaluation of dough strength in breeding trials.     

办公建筑中空调形式对室内外PM2.5浓度相关性的影响

室外PM2.5可通过新风及围护结构缝隙渗透至室内,室外PM2.5较高时尤为明显,结果导致室内空气中的PM2.5浓度上升。为了研究空调形式对室内外PM2.5浓度相关性的影响,在2015年夏季对重庆某办公建筑中采用不同空调形式的室内外PM2.5浓度进行了实测。实测结果发现：集中式空调、分体式空调和非空调房间室内外PM2.5浓度比变化范围分别为0.59～0.76、0.47～0.76、0.71～0.91。室内外PM2.5浓度相关性系数的排序为：集中式空调环境（0.94）> 非空调环境（0.92）> 分体式空调环境（0.77）,研究结果表明,办公建筑的空调形式,对室内外PM2.5浓度的相关性有影响。     

基于CA-Markov模型的甘州区土地利用变化预测分析

研究以张掖市甘州区为例,以黑河流域2000年和张掖市2007年土地利用/土地覆盖(LUCC)数据集的矢量数据、2014年Landsat 8 OLI_TIRS 8月份遥感影像和Google Earth影像为数据源,以Arc GIS10.1、ENVI 4.8和IDRISI 17.00为计算平台,利用CA-Markov模型对2014年土地利用变化进行模拟和预测,并将预测结果与2014年甘州区LUCC解译数据作对比分析,其Kappa系数为87.87%,表明预测与现实一致性较佳。最后对2021年甘州区土地利用分类进行模拟和预测。从预测结果可以看出:2000—2021年间甘州区耕地面积和建设用地面积呈现较快的增长趋势,未利用地面积呈现较快的减少趋势;林地和水域呈现缓慢地增长趋势;草地面积变化较小。简要分析了其变化原因主要归因于政策、社会经济、人口和科学技术几方面。对2021年甘州区土地利用变化的预测研究结果可为该区土地利用合理规划管理及经济发展政策的制定提供科学的决策依据。     

基于"节水增粮行动"取用水合理性分析及补偿措施建议

通过对凌海市节水增粮建设规模、取用水方案及取水合理性分析,其水资源开发利用通过采取管灌、膜下滴灌等工程,可以提高项目区水土资源利用效率,从而达到合理开发利用水资源的目的.本文并对取水的影响与补偿措施提出合理化建议.该项目的实施有利于提高农业综合生产力,保障粮食增产增收.     

偏高岭土对高强机制砂混凝土性能的影响

利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、压汞法(MIP)、快速氯离子迁移系数法(RCM)等手段,研究了偏高岭土(MK)掺量对高强机制砂混凝土抗压强度以及抗氯离子渗透性能的影响.研究发现: 掺入MK能够有效改善高强机制砂混凝土的力学性能和抗氯离子渗透性能:随MK掺量增加,抗压强度与抗氯离子渗透性能均呈先增大后减小的趋势,最佳MK掺量为8%,此时28 d抗压强度为98.5 MPa,较基准组增加13%,氯离子迁移系数为1.89×10^-12 m²/s,较基准组减小60%.微观结构试验表明适宜的偏高岭土掺量能够有效促进水泥水化;偏高岭土颗粒的晶核效应和微集料填充效应协同作用,使得机制砂混凝土的微观结构更加均匀密实,机制砂混凝土的多害孔、有害孔减少,少害孔增加,从而提高了机制砂混凝土抗压强度和抗氯离子渗透性能.