吴起县退耕还林(草)政策实施情况调查研究

吴起县退耕还林(草)政策经过8 a的实施取得了显著成效.项目实施区生态环境得到明显改善,农业综合生产能力得到很大的提高,农民通过退耕补助得以直接增收,为形成面对农户的生态补偿制度探索了经验.然而政策实施过程中仍然存在着诸如退耕地块分布和林分结构不合理,草畜业发展滞后,牧草资源利用率不高,退耕政策不够灵活,补偿标准缺乏弹性等问题.建议在以后退耕政策中注重加强规划指导,合理确定退耕范围,在生态补偿制度框架下优化退耕补助标准,通过深化土地产权改革,促进退耕土地合理流转和规模化经营,继续推动农业后续产业发展,巩固退耕成果.     

国家水土保持重点工程效益综合评价模型研究

[目的]研究水土流失治理效益评价指标体系、评价模型与评价标准,为国家水土保持重点工程绩效评价、实施效果后评价等工作提供技术支撑.[方法]采用频度分析法筛选评价指标,采用层次分析法确定评价指标权重.[结果]提出水土保持工程效益评价指标体系,并构建综合评价模型.模型包含土壤固持与保护、水源涵养、生态改善、收益增加、防灾减灾...     

环境管制政策的实施效果评价——以九龙江流域"限猪令"为例

环境管制一直是我国环境污染治理所采取的主要政策之一,对我国的环境保护起到了一定的积极作用,同时也存在一些弊端,致使其成效不甚显著甚至背离初始目标.在此情况下,如何评价环境管制政策绩效具有重要的理论和实际意义.本文以九龙江流域限猪令政策为例,选取政策目标实现度、主要环保指标实现、环保投入效益、公众参与及满意度四个方面...     

A model for simulating rock–water interactions in a weathering profile subjected to frequent alternations of wetting and drying

Physically based equations for unsaturated groundwater flow and solute transport have been coupled with kinetic rate laws for mineral dissolution–precipitation, and mass balance/mass action equations for aqueous species, in a numerical model that is capable of simulating rock–water interactions in a weathering profile subjected to fluctuating boundary conditions. A numerical experiment was conducted to demonstrate how incipient soil development may proceed in a warm subhumid environment. The simulation involved a hypothetical coarse-textured parent material that was subjected to frequent wetting and drying during an annual water cycle. The hypothetical weathering profile evolved rapidly; dissolution of primary minerals (enstatite, forsterite, and diopside) and precipitation of secondary clay–minerals (kaolinite and Ca-montmorillonite) occurred monotonically despite the abrupt fluctuations in soil-moisture content. In contrast, the activities of aqueous species and dissolution–precipitation rates of calcite were very sensitive to the changing moisture conditions in the upper part of the profile. Although the simulation involved numerous simplifying assumptions, reasonable results were achieved and the calculated (from the model) rate of chemical denudation fell within the range of contemporary denudation rates determined from the dissolved loads of rivers.     

西部地区实施乡村振兴战略路径探析

由于主体责任不明确,农村商品经济发展滞后,科技文化素养偏低,西部乡村自身定位不清,农业生产技术落后,农产品科技含量低等问题制约了农村发展。只有正确处理政府主导与村民主体关系,优化资源配置,建立现代农业产业体系,思想扶贫、智力扶贫与能力扶贫相结合,因地制宜,以市场为导向,发展特色农业等举措,才能振兴西部乡村。     

退牧还草政策执行过程中的问题及建议

退牧还草工程是国家草地生态建设的重大战略之一,自工程实施以来绩效明显。文章简单介绍了退牧还草政策的产生和实施效果,并指出了政策执行过程中存在的矛盾和不足,如：牧民观念引导不足、经济补偿不及时、技术支持不到位、禁牧机制不健全等,并就此提出了相应的对策：加强宣传教育、加大退牧还草工程的财政转移支付力度、增强技术支持,进一步完善禁牧督查机制等。     

Artificial neural network implementation in single low-cost chip for the detection of insecticides by modeling of screen-printed enzymatic sensors response

This work presents a hardware implementation of artificial neural networks (ANNs) using a dsPIC^® microcontroller to resolve mixtures of pesticides measured by amperometric acetylcholinesterase (AChE) biosensors. The response of three biosensors with different concentrations of Chlorpyrifos Oxon (CPO) and Chlorfenvinfos (CFV) was modeled by two ANNs, which were implemented on the dsPIC^®. The performance of the ANNs was good, the prediction ability was better than 0.986 when the obtained values were compared with those expected for a set of eight external test samples, which were not used for training. This implementation is proposed to develop low-cost analytical chemical specialized tools.     

Root phosphatase activity of sorghum genotypes grown with organic and inorganic sources of phosphorus 1

Abstract

Relatively insoluble sources of phosphorus (P) may require solubilization, and organic P (P_o) may require hydrolysis to inorganic P (P_i) before P can be readily absorbed by plants roots. The mechanisms for these processes, however, are unknown. Root phosphatase (Pase) activity was measured to assess its relationships to P uptake by seven sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] genotypes grown with P_o (ethylammonium phosphate, glycerophosphate, and phenylphosphate) and P_i (KH₂PO₄, calcium tribasic phosphate, calcium pyrophosphate, aluminum phosphate, and ferric phosphate) in nutrient solutions in a greenhouse.

Plants grown with P_o had lower root Pase activities than plants grown with P_i NB9040 and SC369–3–1JB (tolerant to low levels of P) had lower root Pase activities than CK60‐Korgi and SC33–9–8‐E4 (sensitive to low levels of P), with the other genotypes having intermediate root Pase activities. Higher root Pase activity was associated with lower root P concentrations, but Pase activity was not related to dry matter yield of roots. In experiments where genotypes were grown three weeks with KH₂PO₄ before being transferred to other sources of P, within four days root Pase activity patterns were similar to those for plants grown initially in the particular P_o or P_i compound. Root Pase activity of sorghum plants appeared to be an indicator of P status or P deficiency stress in the plants, and not associated with making P_o or P_i compounds more available for plant use.     

Ce-Zr-La-Co复合氧化物与LaCoO_3/Ce_(0.6)Zr_(0.4)O_2的催化性能与结构分析

采用柠檬酸法制备了Ce-Zr-La-Co复合氧化物催化剂和LaCoO3/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2负载型催化剂,并用热重法测试了2种催化剂对碳烟的催化活性,催化剂LaCoO3/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2显示了更高的活性,碳烟的起燃温度是542℃,低于Ce-Zr-La-Co复合氧化物催化剂的552℃,比纯碳烟的起燃温度低97℃.采用程序升温还原法(Hydrogen Temperature-programmed Reduction,H2-TPR)、N2吸附BET、X-射线衍射仪(X-ray Diffraction,XRD)、傅立叶红外仪(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy,FTIR)和X-射线光电子能谱仪(X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy,XPS)等技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,XRD显示负载型氧化物LaCoO3/Ce0.6 Zr0.4 O2形成了完好的钙钛矿结构相,而Ce-Zr-La-Co复合氧化物则形成了铈锆固溶体为主以及少量的钙钛矿和Co3O4氧化物相;XPS结果显示LaCoO3/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2催化剂表面弱吸附氧Oˉ的含量...     

我国农村居民人力资本投资的制约因素及对策

本文通过对农村居民人力资本投资制约因素的详尽分析,提出了增强农民人力资本投资动力的若干对策。