基于无人机影像的天山云杉林树高提取及蓄积量的反演

【目的】提取影像高程数据建立模型反演天山云杉林分蓄积量,为天然林保护工程实施后天山云杉生态恢复与科学管理提供参考依据。【方法】以新疆天山西部巩留县恰西森林公园的天山云杉(Picea Schrenkiana var. tianshanica)为研究对象,无人机航拍影像与样地每木检尺为数据源,使用点云分类与克里金插值法提取无人机影像高程数据得到天山云杉树高,根据样地实测数据建立胸径树高模型,最终根据胸径树高模型反演天山云杉林林分蓄积量。【结果】利用无人机影像提取树高与实测树高存在显著正相关关系,提取平均精度为88.42%,建立天山云杉胸径-冠幅模型的相关系数为0.696,而胸径-树高模型的相关系数为0.730;验证胸径-树高模型,计算RMSE值为12.386,拟合效果显著。基于胸径-树高模型反演林分蓄积量精度为87.66%,与实测值比对,残差值大部分落在(-2,+2)残差区间。【结论】采用局部最大值算法对天山云杉林树高信息的提取效果较好,建立胸径-树高模型弥补了无人机不能对胸径直接测量的缺陷,进而反演天山云杉林林分蓄积量。     

基于机载高光谱端元提取分析棉花生长期光谱变化

【目的】棉花在不同生长期的波谱曲线变化具有规律性,研究其时间序列上的反射光谱变化趋势与规律并监测长势,为基于无人机多光谱、高光谱遥感的作物长势监测提供借鉴和参考。【方法】使用多旋翼无人机搭载Rikola高光谱成像仪,获取棉花从花期到后期之间的高光谱影像。使用纯净像元指数算法和最大单形体体积算法进行端元提取,并以SR-3500光谱仪采集的地面光谱曲线为标准,光谱角度为评价指标,依次从端元提取算法效果、不同航高数据对比、光谱相关性、多期光谱曲线变化趋势等分析。【结果】最大单形体体积算法在60、80、100 m航高下波谱角度结果分别为0.065 8、0.065 9、0.067 7,相较于纯净像元指数算法结果更接近地面光谱仪数据,具有较优的相关性(R²均在0.99以上),且能更好地提取小样本端元。航高对端元提取的影响较小,同种算法在不同航高下提取结果差异均在2%以下。不同生长期棉花波谱曲线变化呈规律性,吸收谷与红边值在7月中旬到达峰值。标准植被指数与比值植被指数在7月上中旬达到最大值(0.841 7、11.630 5),增强型植被指数、差值植被指数、优化土壤调节植被指数在7月中下旬达到最大值(0.818 9、0.501 3、0.501 2)。【结论】最大单形体体积算法可较好的从棉花高光谱影像中提取出棉花波谱曲线,且100 m为较优的无人机数据采集航高。棉花在7月光合作用最大,对红光的强吸收、近红外波段强反射现象最为明显。     

Use of Contrast‐Enhanced Fluid‐Attenuated Inversion Recovery Sequence to Detect Brain Lesions in Dogs and Cats

Background

The diagnostic value of a contrast‐enhanced T2‐weighted FLAIR sequence (ceFLAIR) in brain imaging is unclear.

Hypothesis/Objectives

That the number of brain lesions detected with ceFLAIR would be no greater than the sum of lesions detected with nFLAIR and ceT1W sequence.

Animals

One hundred and twenty‐nine animals (108 dogs and 21 cats) undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head between July 2010 and October 2011 were included in the study.

Methods

A transverse ceFLAIR was added to a standard brain MRI protocol. Presence and number of lesions were determined based on all available MRI sequences by 3 examiners in consensus and lesion visibility was evaluated for nFLAIR, ceFLAIR, and ceT1W sequences.

Results

Eighty‐three lesions (58 intra‐axial and 25 extra‐axial) were identified in 51 patients. Five lesions were detected with nFLAIR alone, 2 with ceT1W alone, and 1 with ceFLAIR alone. Significantly higher numbers of lesions were detected using ceFLAIR than nFLAIR (76 versus 67 lesions; P = 0.04), in particular for lesions also detected with ceT1W images (53 versus 40; P =.01). There was no significant difference between the number of lesions detected with combined nFLAIR and ceT1W sequences compared to those detected with ceFLAIR (82 versus 76; P =.25).

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

Use of ceFLAIR as a complementary sequence to nFLAIR and ceT1W sequences did not improve the detection of brain lesions and cannot be recommended as part of a routine brain MRI protocol in dogs and cats with suspected brain lesions.     

Tissue Doppler Imaging and Two-dimensional Speckle Tracking of Left Ventricular Function in Horses Affected with Recurrent Airway Obstruction before and after Clenbuterol Treatment

Cardiac effects of the β₂-adrenergic agent clenbuterol have been the focus of many studies, but effects on myocardial velocities and myocardial deformation parameters have not yet been evaluated in horses affected with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) using tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and two-dimensional speckle tracking (2DST). In our study, 7 horses affected by RAO were treated over 14 days with clenbuterol, 0.8 μg/kg every 12 hours. Standard echocardiographic, TDI (pulsed wave and color TDI), and 2DST examinations were performed before and after the treatment period. Myocardial function was recorded in the right parasternal short-axis view. Percent of fractional shortening and two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) measurements did not show any significant changes after 2 weeks of treatment. Early diastolic velocity, E, increased significantly after clenbuterol in the left ventricular free wall (LVFW; P = .001). The E/late diastolic velocity (A) quotient (P = .003) and the isovolumetric contractility (P = .035) also increased significantly after treatment. Time parameters, particularly the time interval between the Q-wave in the echocardiograph and atrial release, the time of diastole and Tei index (parameter of global ventricular function), decreased significantly after clenbuterol administration in the LVFW (P = .014/P = .028/P = .015, respectively). The 2DE speckle tracking revealed a significant increase of the early diastolic systolic strain rate (P = .01) in the LVFW after therapy. In conclusion, 2 weeks of treatment with clenbuterol at a dosage of 0.8 μg/kg every 12 hours led to improved cardiac function in severely RAO-affected horses. This could be a sign of myocardial restoration (re-remodeling) after therapy.     

Chiari‐Like Malformation and Syringomyelia in American Brussels Griffon Dogs

Background

Although Chiari‐like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM) have been described in many small breed dogs, the prevalence and clinical manifestations of this complex have not been documented in a large cohort of American Brussels Griffon (ABG) dogs.

Objectives

To characterize the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of CM and SM in the ABG breed.

Animals

Eighty‐four American Kennel Club registered ABG dogs were recruited.

Methods

Prospective study. Complete histories and neurologic examinations were obtained before MRI. Images were blindly reviewed and calculations were made by using OsiriX. All analyses were performed by Student''s t‐test, Spearman''s correlation, ANOVA, and chi‐square test where appropriate.

Results

Chiari‐like malformation and SM were present in 65% and 52% of dogs, respectively. Twenty‐eight percent of dogs had neurologic deficits and 20% had neck pain. Mean central canal (CC) transverse height was 2.5 mm with a mean length of 3.6 cervical vertebrae. Neurologic deficits were significantly associated with a larger syrinx (P = .04, P = .08) and syrinx size increased with age (P = .027). SM was associated with a smaller craniocervical junction (CCJ) height (P = .04) and larger ventricles (P = .0001; P < .001).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Syringomyelia and CM are prevalent in American Brussels Griffon dogs. Syrinx size is associated with neurologic deficits, CM, larger ventricles, a smaller craniocervical junction height, neurologic deficits, and cerebellar herniation. Fifty‐two percent of dogs with a SM were clinically normal.     

Oncology Virtual Issue Articles

The following three articles have been published online as part of the EVE Oncology Virtual Issue which is available online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/eve     

苏格兰折耳猫骨软骨发育不良的诊疗体会

苏格兰折耳猫骨软骨发育不良也称为苏格兰折耳猫骨营养不良,是影响骨骼生长和关节软骨形成、导致四肢远端和尾部畸形的一种遗传性疾病。一例疑似病例中患畜主要表现为双侧后肢跗关节处肿胀,有疼痛感,爪部、尾部变短、厚,弯曲不灵活。经血常规和影像学检查确诊为苏格兰折耳猫骨软骨发育不良。通过一段时间药物治疗,病情好转,后肢可以着地走路。