农户新一轮退耕还林的福利效应研究——基于陕南退耕还林区的实证分析

文中利用陕南退耕还林区实际调研数据,依据森的福利理论设计福利度量指标体系,采用模糊综合评价法测算农户福利水平,并探讨了退耕还林对农户的福利效应。结果表明:1)退耕户与非退耕户福利存在差异,且退耕户的福利总模糊指数大于非退耕户。2)退耕还林工程使得农户的总福利、主观福利和客观福利均有所提高,但退耕还林工程对农户主观福利的提高程度远远小于客观福利。3)退耕规模影响农户福利,提高退耕规模有助于提高农户总福利水平和客观福利水平,但对主观福利水平的促进作用仅在福利水平处于中间阶层及偏上农户身上发挥作用。新一轮退耕还林的扶贫效果明显,政府应更多关注退耕还林农户的福利变化状况,出台措施提高农户主观福利,并针对不同类型农户采取差异化措施。     

Future outlook for Pinus patula in South Africa in the presence of the pitch canker fungus (Fusarium circinatum)

Approximately 50% of the area planted to softwood trees in South Africa has been established with Pinus patula, making it the most important pine species in the country. More effort has gone into developing this species for improved growth, tree form and wood properties than with any other species. This substantial investment has been threatened in the last 10 years by the pitch canker fungus, Fusarium circinatum. The fungus infects and contaminates nursery plants and, once transferred to the field, causes severe mortality of young trees in the first year after establishment. Although nurserymen have some control of the disease, it is recognised that the best long-term solution to mitigate damage because of F. circinatum infection is to identify tolerant species, clones and hybrids for deployment in plantations in the future. Research has shown that alternative species such as P. tecunumanii, P. maximinoi and P. elliottii are suitable for warm sites. Pine hybrids, particularly between P. patula and the high-elevation sources of P. tecunumanii, appear to be a suitable replacement on subtemperate and temperate sites. Although these alternative species and hybrids are more sensitive to subfreezing temperatures than P. patula, their planting range can be increased by including cold tolerance as a selection criterion. Future breeding efforts will most certainly focus on improving the tolerance of pure P. patula to F. circinatum, which can be achieved by identifying specific family crosses and tolerant clones. The commercial deployment of disease-tolerant control-pollinated P. patula and hybrid families will most likely be established as rooted cuttings, which requires more advanced propagation technology. In the long term, new seed orchards comprised of P. patula clones tolerant to F. circinatum could be used to produce seed for seedling production.     

基于特征和主动轮廓算法的运动果蝇识别与跟踪研究

多目标跟踪是视频监控等领域的一项关键技术。阐述目标跟踪算法的研究现状,运用灰度阈值分割,基于特征和主动轮廓跟踪方法实现对多只运动果蝇进行目标识别与跟踪。运用C#以及emgu开发应用程序予以系统实现。经验证,该系统识别率高,具有稳健的跟踪效果。     

基于Matlab的复杂背景下叶片图像提取方法

将需要研究的植物叶片从复杂的背景下提取出来是后期图像理解和图像分析的关键。、主要是在支持向量机的基础上将叶片从复杂的环境下提取出来,并与H通道的（）’rSu算法和最大直方图熵与GA相结合的图像分割算法相比较,在Matlab环境下进行仿真分析,结果显示支持向量机在复杂背景下进行图像分割方面有优势。     

四川高效大豆根瘤菌的筛选及初步应用研究

采用无氮水培、盆栽、田间区组试验,从采集自四川33个市县35个采样点分离获得的70个大豆根瘤菌株中,筛选与四川主栽大豆品种 贡选1号 匹配性最佳的根瘤菌。对第一批分离自21个市县23个采样点的52个菌株进行无氮水培实验,其结瘤能力和共生固氮能力表明,S8、S22、S36、S46、S55、S65菌株与贡选1号共生匹配性好。用6个菌株进行的盆栽试验结果表明,S36、S8菌株与 贡选1号 匹配性较佳。将第二批分离自四川另外12个市县的12个采样点的18个菌株进行第二次水培实验,以S8、S36和CK分别作为阳性和阴性对照,结果表明接种S151、S152、S150、S149菌株的植株鲜重和干重均极显著高于CK,且高于阳性对照（S8、S36）。结合盆栽和第二次水培实验结果选择S152、S151、S150、S149、S8进行田间试验,以不接种为对照,结果显示,接种S152、S150菌株的大豆产量分别比CK显著增加33.5%和18.5%,且显著高于其它三个供试菌株S151、S149和S8接种处理。为此筛选出与四川主栽大豆品种贡选1号共生匹配性最佳的菌株是S152、S150。     

Impact of aquaculture feed technology on fish income and poverty in Kenya

ABSTRACT

The impacts of improved agricultural technologies on smallholder households in Africa are well documented in the literature. However, the literature on the welfare impacts of aquaculture technologies, especially in the context of smallholder households, is very scanty. This paper applies the propensity score matching technique to household survey data to examine the impact of improved feed technology on fish income and poverty in Kenya. After controlling for observable household characteristics, the results indicate that improved feed technology increases aquaculture income and reduces poverty among fish farming households. Specifically, the income effect of the technology is 23–37%, with resultant poverty reduction effect of 19–23% points. Evidence from the study indicates that the likelihood of adopting improved feed in Kenya will surge with improved extension service delivery, access to government subsidized feed, and easy market access for purchasing improved feed and sale of mature fish.     

基于模板匹配的多目标水稻灯诱害虫识别方法的研究

 水稻灯诱害虫的识别与计数在水稻田间害虫监测中是非常重要的。由于水稻害虫被黑光灯诱集后姿态各异,存在虫体残缺现象,增加了图像自动识别的难度。在获取水稻灯诱害虫非粘连图像基础上,利用模板匹配和K折交叉验证方法进行多目标水稻灯诱害虫的识别。首先,提取每个水稻害虫图像中包括颜色、形态和纹理共156个特征参数;然后,利用主成分分析法进行数据降维,选取前6个主成分作为害虫特征参数;最后,根据每种灯诱害虫的姿态确定模板数,通过模糊C均值获得聚类中心作为模板参数,分别利用单模板和多模板匹配方法进行水稻害虫的识别。结果表明,针对姿态各异且有虫体残缺的多目标水稻灯诱害虫,多模板和单模板匹配法的识别率分别为83.1%和59.9%。     

产品设计过程中质量知识的匹配方法

提出了一种产品设计过程中基于语义距离的设计质量知识的表示及匹配方法,将产品设计过程划分为5个阶段,构建产品设计质量信息模型。依照设计质量信息模型,对设计任务、设计人员和设计质量信息进行分析,以任务元、对象元、信息元来构建三者的形式化描述体系,并建立其数据结构。利用HNC(概念层次网络)知识库,基于语境框架文本相似度计算,并结合语义距离计算,实现了文本间相似度的精确量化和比较。以注塑机方案设计过程为例,实现了设计质量信息匹配,验证了该方法的有效性。     

Risk of establishment of non-indigenous diseases of citrus fruit and foliage in Spain: An approach using meteorological databases and tree canopy climate data

Based on macroclimate comparisons of monthly means of temperature and rainfall, the Mediterranean-type climate might be considered unfavorable for the establishment of the quarantine pathogens of fruit and foliage of citrus regulated by the EC Council Directive 2000/29. The presence of free water on the canopy during periods with temperatures favorable for disease development seems to be limited by the characteristic rainless summer. However, our field study showed that due to the formation of dew, rainfall and rain days were not positively correlated with canopy wetness. Dew periods were quite frequent during summer nights with temperatures over 15°C and even 20°C. Nevertheless, wetness periods were seldom continuous and they were usually interrupted by dry periods approximately 10–14 h long. In contrast to some endemic foliar pathogens such asAlternaria alternata, no data are currently available on the performance of these non-indigenous pathogens under interrupted wetness conditions. Due to the lack of rain during the summer in semi-arid areas, the natural spread of rain-disseminated citrus pathogens, such asElsinoë spp. andXanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri, might be rather limited. However, windborne pathogens, such asGuignardia citricarpa andPseudocercospora angolensis, would have considerable potential for dissemination under the Mediterranean climate. We consider that more information about the effect of microclimate on the epidemiology of these diseases is needed to estimate accurately their risk of establishment in Spain and in other citrus-growing countries of the Mediterranean Basin.     

西北地区东部群发性强沙尘暴风险分析

在沙尘暴发生规律的研究中存在着复杂性和不确定性,现实中,我们很难用状态方程对其进行精确的描述。利用风险分析方法,对沙尘暴的发生规律进行不确定性意义下的量化分析,可以得到有用的知识。本文建立了基于直方图统计方法的强沙尘暴风险估计模型,是区别于传统沙尘暴研究方法的一种探索。利用1954-2001年的沙尘暴记录,对中国西北地区东部群发性强沙尘暴年内发生风险进行了计算。结果表明,该地区群发性强沙尘暴每年出现的风险值为0.8541,而年内出现次数大于8次的可能性几乎为0,群发性强沙尘暴在该地区每年平均出现2次,研究结果对研究地区强沙尘暴的认识和防治具有指导意义。