播期对麦(油)后直播棉产量、品质及氮磷钾利用的影响

为明确长江流域下游棉区麦(油)后直播棉生产的适宜播期,本研究以?中棉所50‘为材料,于2017—2018年进行大田试验,研究不同播期(5月15日、5月25日、6月4日、6月14日和6月24日)对直播棉产量、品质及养分利用的影响。结果表明,播期推迟,棉花生育进程推迟;花铃期日均温和日照时数降低、有效积温先升高后降低且以6月4日播期花铃期有效积温最高。可见,前3个播期棉花花铃期温光条件较好。棉株与生殖器官的生物量及氮磷钾累积量随播期推迟降低,且前3个播期的棉株生物量和养分累积进入较高速率累积期早于后2个播期的棉株。随着播期的推迟,直播棉成铃数与皮棉产量显著降低。与5月15日播期相比,其余4个播期直播棉的皮棉产量分别降低15.9%～16.9%、13.1%～16.9%、26.9%～33.5%、58.2～62.0%。100kg皮棉氮、磷和钾吸收量随播期推迟而增加,但养分利用效率降低。不同播期间,以6月4日和6月14日播期棉纤维综合品质较优。综上,本试验条件下,5月15日—6月4日是长江流域棉区麦(油)后直播棉获得较高产量的适宜播期,该播期内适当推迟播种有利于棉花优质纤维的形成。     

秸秆覆盖条件下水分亏缺对春青稞水分利用和产量的影响

提高水分利用效率对发展西藏高海拔地区节水农业至关重要。该文通过小区试验,研究了秸秆覆盖条件下春青稞不同生育期对水分亏缺程度的响应。试验处理包括全生育期充分灌溉处理(对照)以及苗期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期水分亏缺处理。结果表明,水分亏缺处理显著降低了春青稞耗水量和耗水强度(P0.05),且其减小程度随着亏缺程度的增加而增大。灌浆期水分亏缺对全生育期作物耗水量的影响最大,其轻、重度水分亏缺处理分别减少全生育期耗水量19.6%和24.2%;在水分亏缺处理下春青稞产量差异不显著。在试验条件下,不同水分亏缺没有导致减产,而水分利用效率提高4.64%~21.85%,节水4.96%~24.24%。当土壤水分下限控制在55%田间持水率时,对春青稞产量及构成没有产生显著不良影响且获得了较高的节水率,表明在西藏高海拔半干旱寒区,可以通过秸秆覆盖农田管理措施,使春青稞获得更大的节水空间。     

Development of SCAR markers linked to a scald resistance gene derived from wild barley

The F₂ progeny of a third backcross(BC₃) line, BC line 240, derived from a Turkish accession of wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum),segregated for resistance to scald (Rhynchosporium secalis) in a manner indicating the presence of a single dominant resistance gene. Two SCAR marker slinked to this resistance were developed from AFLP markers. Screens of disomic and ditelosomic wheat-barley addition lines with the SCAR markers demonstrated that the scald resistance gene is located in the centromeric region of barley chromosome 3H,a region previously reported to contain a major scald resistance locus, Rrs1. Markers that flank the Rrs1 locus were used to screen the wild barley-derivedBC₃F₂ population. These markers also flank the wild barley-derived scald resistance, indicating that it maps to the same locus as Rrs1; it may beallelic, or a separate gene within a complex locus. However, BC line 240 does not respond to treatment with the Rhynchosporium secalis avirulence factorNIP1 in the same way as the Rrs1-carrying cultivar Atlas46. This suggests that the scald resistance gene derived from wild barley confers a different specificity of response to theRrs1 allele in Atlas46.In order to increase the durability of scald resistance in the field, we suggest that at least two scald resistances should be combined into barley cultivars before release. The scald resistance gene described here will be of value in the Australian environment, and the several markers linked to it will facilitate pyramiding. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

华大麦4号耐迟播特性研究初报

华大麦4号是湖北省2004年8月审定命名的超高产优质饲用大麦新品种,在多年的种植过程中表现出较好的耐迟播特性.考察了华大麦4号3个播期(11月7日,正常播期;11月22日,迟播;12月7日,迟播)条件下的生育期、农艺性状、产量和产量组成性状以及品质性状的表现.结果表明,迟播对华大麦4号的生育期、农艺性状、产量及产量组成性状、品质性状的表现均有影响,对出苗至抽穗天数的影响大于对出苗至成熟天数的影响,对生育期天数的影响大于对生育期有效积温的影响,对穗数的影响大于对千粒重、穗粒数的影响.对蛋白质含量的影响大于对淀粉含量的影响,据此对华大麦4号迟播条件下的高产栽培技术及应用前景进行了讨论.     

不同BYDV抗性的小麦品种对介体麦蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响

在室内20℃条件下研究了大麦黄矮病抗性不同的3个小麦品种对介体麦二叉蚜和麦长管蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,不同抗性小麦品种对麦二叉蚜和麦长管蚜若蚜发育历期、存活率、成蚜寿命和生殖力有显著的影响,以张春20号对介体蚜虫的影响最大,小偃22号次之,小偃6号抗性最弱。通过麦二叉蚜和麦长管蚜在供试的3个小麦品种上生长发育和繁殖的参数比较,小麦品种对介体蚜虫影响大小与小麦品种对大麦黄矮病抗性强弱趋势一致。     

麦类作物化感作用种质资源筛选与评价

以来自国内外的289份大麦品种和90份小麦品种为材料,进行室内化感潜力评价和田间试验考察其抗草性能,结果表明,供试大麦材料中有36个品种（占总数12.5%）显示出较强的化感作用潜力;22个品种（占总数的7.9%）显示较弱或无化感作用潜力.54个田间抗草性能较好的大麦品种中37个品种在室内化感潜力评价中对莴苣根长的抑制率（inhibitoryrate,IR）〉50%.从供试小麦材料中筛选出5个特强化感潜力品种,分别为81-214、115/青海麦、百泉3199、92L89和92H31,对莴苣根长的IR依次为69.1%、68.5%、68.7%、69.1%和65.2%;13个品种（占总数的14.4%）显示出较弱或无化感作用潜力.抗草性能较强的36个小麦品种中,有13个品种室内对莴苣IR≥50%.大麦、小麦品种间都存在化感作用潜力的基因型差异,且其化感作用特性会受环境因素的影响.     

Physiological and Mineralogical Properties of Arsenic-Induced Chlorosis in Barley Seedlings Grown Hydroponically

The experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of arsenic (As) on the physiological and mineralogical properties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. ‘Minorimugi’). The plants were grown in nutrient solution treated with 0, 6.7, 33.5, and 67 μ M As (0, 0.5, 2.5, and 5 ppm As, respectively) in the phytotron. Dry matter yield of shoots and roots decreased significantly with the As treatments, indicating that barley plants are As-sensitive and As-toxicity depends on the As concentration in the rooting medium. Necrosis in older leaves and chlorosis symptoms (whitish color) in the fully developed young leaves were observed at the 33.5 and 67 μ M As treatments. Arsenic concentration, accumulation, and translocation increased with the increase of As concentration in the rooting medium. Arsenic was mostly concentrated in roots and a little amount was moved to shoots, indicating that As was not easily translocated to shoots of barley seedlings. Concentrations and accumulations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) decreased significantly in shoots for 33.5 and 67 μ M As treatments as compared to the 0 μ M As treatment. Concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Cu decreased in roots, but Zn concentration increased in roots at 67 μ M As treatment. Accumulations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, and Cu in roots also decreased significantly at 67 μ M As treatment. Accumulation of P and the cations showed negative relationship with As. Concentration of Fe decreased in shoots at 33.5 and 67 μ M As treatments where chlorosis was induced in the young leaf but increased in roots at 33.5 and 67 μ M As treatments. It was suggested that As might induce iron (Fe)-chlorosis in the plants. Among the micronutrients, Fe translocation was more affected than others by As. Phytosiderophore (PS) accumulation in roots, which is a symptom of Fe-deficiency in grasses, did not change significantly between 0 and 33.5 μ M As treatments; indicating that As-induced chlorosis did not enhance PS accumulation in roots and decreased due to As-toxicity at 67 μ M As treatment.     

啤酒麦糟纤维素酶水解的研究

以经过适当预处理后的啤酒麦糟作原料，采用里氏木霉产生的纤维素酶进行水解．其纤维素的水解反应可描述为：①前６小时内迅速水解；②６～２４小时内较慢水解；③２４小时后缓慢水解．在水解过程中，存在纤维二糖的积累．且以前６小时积累较多，纤维二糖的最高浓度可达７．５２ｇ／Ｌ．水解前期采取分批添料方法，可提高水解得率和底物浓度．并大大提高水解液中还原糖的浓度．     

约旦野生大麦种质资源形态与产量性状分析

对引自约旦不同地区的4个野生大麦自然群体的40份材料农艺性状进行了研究。结果表明,约旦野生大麦材料群体间与群体内在株高、穗颈长、旗叶长、穗长、芒长和穗粒数等性状上均有显著差异,遗传多样性丰富;农艺性状的相关和通径分析表明,所引材料的有效分蘖和百粒质量与单株产量呈极显著正相关,对单株产量直接贡献效应较大;多元逐步回归分析得到单株产量的最佳回归方程:y=-0.058x1-0.111x2+0.429x3-0.529x4+0.439x8+3.732x10(R=0.984,P0.0001);其中百粒质量对单株产量的偏回归系数最大。     

土壤外源钴对大麦根伸长的毒害及其预测模型

选取我国11种不同性质的农田土壤,通过外源添加重金属钴（Co）,研究其对大麦（Hordeum vulgare L.）根伸长的毒性阈值及土壤性质对Co毒性的影响。结果发现,Co对大麦根伸长10%抑制效应（EC₁₀）在11种土壤中的变化范围为37.1~3 914 mg·kg^-1土（105.5倍）,50%抑制效应（EC₅₀）的变化范围为166.1~6 030 mg·kg^-1土（36.3倍）。建立土壤性质与毒性阈值的回归方程,结果表明土壤pH是影响土壤Co毒性阈值最重要的因子,作为单因子时分别可以解释77.6%、72%的EC₁₀和EC₅₀的变异（P≤0.001）。当在EC₁₀预测模型中引入土壤pH和土壤黏粒（Clay）双因子时,可以解释83.9%的EC₁₀的变异（P<0.001）,EC₅₀预测模型中引入土壤pH和总碳（TC）双因子时,可以解释86.1%的EC₅₀的变异（P<0.001）。将我国土壤中得到的Co毒性阈值预测模型和欧洲北美10种土壤的预测模型进行比较验证,结果发现基于我国土壤得到的预测模型可以较为准确地预测欧洲北美土壤中Co的大麦根伸长毒性阈值,但基于欧洲北美土壤的预测模型不能准确预测我国土壤中Co的毒性阈值。研究表明,我国土壤性质对Co毒性有显著的影响,基于土壤性质建立的预测模型可为土壤中Co生态风险评价提供参考依据。