Variation in vegetative parameters related to the nitrogen economy of wild barley,Hordeum spontaneum,in Israel

Summary Hordeum spontaneum, the wild progenitor of cultivated barley, has previously been examined in various studies as a germplasm resource in breeding for grain protein content and related nutritional traits.The nitrogen content and dry weight of leaf and stem (stem plus sheath) at anthesis, and the final grain size and grain protein content were measured in 33 H. spontaneum and two H. vulgare genotypes. H. spontaneum was generally higher in nitrogen content of leaves and stems, but lower in dry weight at anthesis. Consistent with previous reports, the H. spontaneum genotypes were considerably higher in grain protein than the cultivars. There was wide variation between and within populations of H. spontaneum suggesting that for breeding purposes lines combining high vegetative nitrogen content, dry weight and grain protein content can be selected.Incumbent of the Seagram Chair for Plant Science     

Resistance to the Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus Complex — Differential Genotypic Reactions and Genetics of BaMMV-Resistance of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Barley yellow mosaic disease is caused by several viruses, i.e. barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV), barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) and BaYMV-2. The reaction of different barley germplasms to the barley mosaic viruses was studied in field and greenhouse experiments. The results show a complex situation; some varieties are resistant to all the viruses, while others are resistant to one or two of them only. Crosses between different barley germplasms were earned out in order to test whether genetic diversity of resistance against mosaic viruses does exist, particularly, BaMMV. A total of 45 foreign barley varieties were crossed to German cultivars carrying the resistance gene ym4. In F₂ of 27 crosses, no segregation could be detected, leading to the conclusion that the resistance genes of the foreign parents are allelic with ym4 e.g. Ym1 (‘Mokusekko 3’) and Ym2 (‘Mihori Hadaka 3’). A total of 18 crosses segregated in F₂ indicating that foreign parents, like ‘Chikurin Ibaraki 1’, ‘Iwate Omugi 1’, and “Anson Barley”, carry resistance genes different from the gene of German cultivars, e.g. ‘Asorbia’ or ‘Franka’. By means of statistical evaluation (Chi²-test), the observed segregation ratios were analyzed in order to obtain significant information on the heredity of resistance. All the resistance genes described here as being different from the gene ym4, act recessively. Most of the exotic varieties seem to carry only one resistance gene. In a few cases, more than one gene may be present.     

氮肥运筹对啤酒大麦籽粒品质及产量的影响

为了揭示氮肥运筹对啤酒大麦籽粒品质和产量的调节效应,以啤酒大麦花30为材料,在施纯氮总量225kg.hm-2条件下,研究了不同氮肥运筹对千粒重、β-淀粉酶活性、蛋白质组分含量动态变化和产量及其构成因子的影响。结果表明:(1)随花后天数的增加,大麦籽粒千粒重、β-淀粉酶活性、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量呈现由低到高的变化,而清蛋白和球蛋白含量先急剧上升,后略微下降;(2)增加拔节肥比例能显著增加β-淀粉酶活性、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量,而对清蛋白和球蛋白含量影响较小;(3)千粒重、β-淀粉酶活性及蛋白质组分含量的相关性均达极显著水平;(4)随着氮肥用量后移,有效穗数、产量呈上升趋势,千粒重呈下降趋势。综合考虑各项指标,建议在类似本试验条件下的啤酒大麦生产区,基肥、苗肥、拔节肥比例以6∶3∶1为宜。     

大麦籽粒蛋白质含量的QTL定位分析

通过栽培大麦Karl与Lewis杂交构建的重组自交系F10代60个骨干家系,种植于贵州高海拔地区,并对其F11代籽粒蛋白质含量(GPC)进行测定及其QTL分析后,发现2个单一QTL(GPC1和GPC2),LOD值分别为3.63和2.93,贡献率分别为49％和26％,加性效应分别为+2.9％和+1.9％.在自交系群体中发现极端表现型家系,分别为高GPC的R9、R 15、R32、R7及低GPC的R121、R 34、R 110、R 136,两极端表现型家系GPC相差高达10％.以上结果均为大麦GPC基因研究及品种改良提供了极具价值的依据和材料.     

间栽和混播对作物病害的防治效果

进行了小麦与大麦、小麦与蚕豆间栽和不同小麦品种混播,研究不同栽培技术在控制病害中的作用。选用不同的抗小麦锈病品种,与生产上常用的大麦品种和蚕豆品种进行间栽和混播试验。试验结果表明,间栽和混播技术都能持续有效地控制和降低小麦条锈病的危害。在小麦全生育期,间栽对小麦条锈病的控制有效率在28.02%~65.5%之间,并推迟条锈病的发生3~25d;小麦混播对条锈病的控制有效率在40.94%~62.57%之间,推迟14 d发病。小麦与蚕豆间栽,蚕豆叶斑病的病情指数下降,控制有效率在29.3%~57.9%之间。间作和混播对作物产量也有较大的提高。     

The potential of microsatellites for high throughput genetic diversity assessment in wheat and barley

Microsatellite (SSR) profiles from 65 wheats and 135 barleys have been generated, involving 14 and 22 loci, respectively. The wheat and barley varieties were chosen to represent the bulk of the area sown to these crops in the UK over the past 70 years. The profiling identified genotypic mixtures in some seed samples. Null alleles were common in wheat, but rare in barley. We describe attempts to increase the efficiency of data acquisition. High resolution agarose gel electrophoresis was unable to satisfactorily resolve 1–2 repeat unit differences in the common size range for SSR loci, and was therefore unsuitable for mass screening of allelic variants. Multiplex PCR was very dependent on the choice of primer combinations and seldom produced amplifications as consistently as when primer pairs were used individually. Background (non-specific) amplification was common to many primer pairs, and this hindered the use of both multiplex PCR and multiple sample loading. Sequential sample loading was the most effective strategy, although this was the least time-efficient of the measures used.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Dittrichia viscosa</Emphasis> and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rubus ulmifolius</Emphasis> as reservoirs of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) and the role of certain Coccinellid species

The role of the self-sown shrubsDittrichia viscosa (L.) W. Greuter andRubus ulmifolius Schott as reservoirs of aphid parasitoids was investigated. In the field studies conducted,D. viscosa grew adjacent to crops of durum wheat and barley andR. ulmifolius grew adjacent to cotton. The relative abundance of the parasitoids of(a) Capitophorus inulae (Passerini) onD. viscosa, (b) Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) on durum wheat and barley,(c) Aphis ruborum (Börner) onR. ulmifolius, and(d) Aphis gossypii Glover on cotton in various parts of Greece, was assessed during the years 1996–2000. In 2000, the fluctuation of parasitization of the above four aphid species was recorded and the action of the aphidophagous predators of the family Coccinellidae was studied. It was observed thatAphidius matricariae Haliday predominated onC. inulae andR. padi in all sampling cases. In contrast,Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) was the dominant species parasitizingA. ruborum onR. ulmifolius andA. gossypii on cotton in Thessaly (central Greece) and Macedonia (northern Greece), whereasLysiphlebus confusus Tremblay et Eady andBinodoxys acalephae (Marshall) were the dominant parasitoid species in Thrace (northern Greece).Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus was the most abundant coccinellid species on durum wheat, whereasAdonia variegata (Goeze) predominated on cotton. However, coccinellid individuals were scarce on bothD. viscosa andR. ulmifolius. The present study indicated that these two shrubs can be regarded as useful reservoirs of aphid parasitoids.     

晋南冬麦区大麦黄矮病毒流行株系监测及防治策略探讨

连续5年(1996～2000年)采集晋南冬麦区小麦黄矮病标样,采用生物学和血清学(酶联免疫吸附法)相结合的诊断方法对该地区的大麦黄矮病毒流行株系进行了鉴别。结果表明,该小麦黄矮病流行区近五年以GAV株系为主流株系,兼有少量GPV、PAV和混合株系存在。同时对小麦抗黄矮病新品种“临抗1号”进行了GPV和GAV两种株系的抗性测定,明确了该品种兼抗GPV和GAV两种株系。根据小麦黄矮病发生现状,提出了一套以选育推广抗耐病品种为主,以药剂防治为辅的综合防治措施。以期为当地小麦生产服务。     

Integrative Soil Application of Humic Acid and Sulfur Improves Saline Calcareous Soil Properties and Barley Plant Performance

ABSTRACT

During the 2017 and 2018 seasons, two field experiments were conducted on newly reclaimed saline calcareous soil (7.13 dS m^?1, 16.9% CaCO₃) in the experimental farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Demo, Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. The current work aimed at identifying the potential positive effects of applied humic acid (HA) and elemental sulfur (S) on some soil properties and barley plant performance. The results showed that the application of HA and/or S at different rates ameliorated the adverse effects of saline calcareous soil conditions and significantly reduced some chemical properties of the soil (e.g., pH, ECe, and CaCO₃%), while soil organic matter (OM%) and some nutrients (e.g., P, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) contents were significantly increased. In addition, the contents of nutrients (e.g., P, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) in barley plant and yielded grain, grain content of N and protein (%), and the performance (e.g., plant height, spike length, grain and straw yields, and weight of 1000-grain) of barley plant were significantly increased with the application of HA and/or S. The best results were obtained through the integrative application of 100 kg HA + 400 kg S ha^?1 to the tested saline calcareous soil. Therefore, the integrative soil application of 100 kg HA + 400 kg S ha^?1 can be recommended for the cultivation and sustainability of crop production in saline calcareous soil, in addition to rationalize the use of mineral fertilizers, which represent a surplus point for the sustainable agriculture system.     

渭北旱塬大红袍花椒育苗技术

通过多年实验研究,不断地总结旱地大红袍花椒育苗关键技术,对提高种子发芽率、出苗率和苗木质量及丰产栽培提供主要技术支撑,为花椒产业的持续发展和渭北旱塬花椒播种育苗提供基础和依据。