大麦种质耐盐性鉴定及评价

为了鉴定及评价大麦的耐盐性,进行了Na Cl胁迫下不同大麦品种种子萌发及生长试验,结果表明:随着Na Cl胁迫浓度的增加,大麦种子的相对发芽率呈下降趋势,盐害指数随Na Cl胁迫浓度的增加而增大;不同大麦品种间种子萌发存在一定的差异,苏农6472、盐99218、C2118、美97-1338、Numar和海盐大麦表现出较强的耐盐性。通过盐土(土壤含盐量4‰)和脱盐土的对比试验,发现大麦品种在盐土条件下的穗数、穗粒数明显低于脱盐土,而盐土条件下的千粒重高于脱盐土;各品种在盐土下的株高明显低于脱盐土。在盐土条件下,海盐大麦、沪01-2946和苏农6472分别获得4 344、4 311和4 282.5kg·hm-2的籽粒产量,是供试品种中耐盐性最强的品种。本研究不仅为大麦的盐育种提供了理论依据,也为盐渍化地区的麦种植鉴定出了耐盐品种。     

格尔木青稞新品种引种试验及气候适宜性分析

[目的]筛选出适应格尔木地区的高产优质青稞品种。[方法]采用分区试验,对格尔木地区13个青稞品种(含对照)在当地的适应性、丰产性、抗逆性、抗病性等进行分析。[结果]柴青1号,藏青85,2004青21的产量、抗逆性表现比较优势,气候适宜性好,可以在格尔木地区推广。[结论]该研究选择出了适应格尔木地区的高产优质后备品种。     

Comparison of Anther Culture and Hordeum bulbosum Method for the Production of Doubled Haploid in Winter Barley I. Production of Green Plants

The relative response to two-major techniques of producing haploids in barley – anther culture and the Hordeum bulbosyum method – were compared using seven F₁ hybrids from a winter barley breeding programme. Both techniques were Applied to the same plants with the same number of replications. 358 viable green plants were obtained from 420 spikes ot donor plants used: 147 through anther culture and 211 through the H. bulbosum method. From the data analysis we found that the response to the two techniques was not significantly different, genotype effect and genotype × technique interaction were highly significant. The possibility of combining the two techniques in a doubled haploid production programme is discussed.     

Nematodes and fungal diseases in barley and wheat on Prince Edward Island

A total of 31 genera and 28 species of plant and soil nematodes were identified from 30 commercial fields each of barley and wheat on Prince Edward Island. Root-lesion nematodes, primarily Pratylenchus penetrans, were the dominant plant parasites, and the only endoparasitic nematodes recovered from roots. Root-lesion nematodes were the dominant genus in soil, but stunt nematodes (Tylenchorhynchus spp., primarily T. dubius, and Merlinius spp.), and pin nematodes (Paratylenchus spp.) were also recovered frequently. Common root rot, barley net blotch, and wheat leaf blotch, incited by Cochliobolus sativus, Pyrenophora teres, and Leptosphaeria nodorum, respectively, were prevalent in barley and wheat. The nematicide aldicarb reduced the numbers of root-lesion nematodes in roots and soil in experimental plots during 1984–1987, except from soil in wheat and barley in 1984 and in barley in 1986. Aldicarb treatments also increased grain yields significantly by 10% and 19% in 1984 and 1987, respectively. Aldicarb treatments did not affect the incidence of common root rot, barley net blotch, or wheat leaf blotch disease. Correlation and regression analyses of data from experimental plots did not indicate any significant relationships between population levels of root-lesion nematodes in roots or soil and severity of root or foliar diseases in barley or wheat.     

Spring Barley Responses to Nitrogen Fertilizer and Ethephon in Regions with a Short Crop Growing Season

Aspects of intensive management practices such as high N fertilization inputs and plant growth regulator use could potentially increase cereal yields in regions with a short crop-growing season and occasionally dry and hot weather. A field experiment was carried out for four years (1987 to 1990) at Agronomy Research Centre of McGill University, Canada to evaluate the response of spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Cadette, Laurier and Leger to N rates (0, 70 and 140 kg N ha⁻¹) and ethephon (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid) growth regulator treatment. The application of higher than conventional N level (70 kg N ha⁻¹) did not increase barley yields under dry weather conditions and when the soil N resources were high. The high levels of N did increase the grain crude protein concentration by 2 to 10 g kg⁻¹, as did ethephon treatment. The feed quality of spring barley was improved. Ethephon treatment reduced grain yield due to a severe reduction in the number of grains spike⁻¹, and/or 1000-grain weight, although the number of spikes m⁻² was increased. Thus, the overall effect of ethephon treatment on yield was inconsistent and was influenced to a large extent by the prevailing weather conditions.     

An Evaluation of Hordeum vulgare L. ×Psathyrostachys fragilis (Boiss.) Nevski Crosses for Doubled Haploid Barley Production

Investigations were carried out to assess the suitability of the intergeneric cross Hordeum vulgare×Psathyrostachys fragilis for haploid barley production. H. vulgare cvs. ‘Emir’ and ‘Vada’ were each pollinated with P. fragilis P.I. 343192 and plants regenerated from embryos cultured on a modified B5 medium. Seed sets on ‘Vada’ were significantly lower than on ‘Emir’, and all the planes from ‘Vada’×P. fragile remained hybrid. Several of these flowered but there was little pairing between the parental chromosomes. Most of the plants from ‘Emir’×P. fragilis died, as seedlings but 3 plants developed into haploid barley. Because of the practical limitations of pollen availability from P. fragilis and the inconsistencies in haploid plant formation, it is unlikely that the cross will prove as valuable as that between H. vulgare×H. bulbosum for a doubled haploid barley programme.     

渭北旱塬杨家陇实验分区牧草引种栽培试验研究

本文根据连续3年的田间试验结果,对引种栽培的20种牧草,从物候期、覆盖度、茎叶比、青干比、生长速度、鲜草产量及抗逆性等七个方面进行对比分析,筛选出了适合渭北旱塬东部地区生态条件的优质高产草种,它们是豆科牧草中的红豆草、沙打旺和草原二号苜蓿等,以及禾本科牧草中的多花黑麦草、苇状羊茅和无芒雀麦等。从而为当地人工种草,强化农牧结合奠定了基础。     

Indigestion in Young Calves. II. The Influence Of Ground Barley,Coarse and Fine Hay

Four experiments comprising 86 calves have been carried out in order to examine the influence of ground barley, coarse and fine hay, when raising young calves on a high lactose milk replacer causing diarrhoea. The frequency of diarrhoea decreased when feeding barley (P < 0.01) or fine hay (P < 0.001), but increased when feeding coarse hay (P<0.01). Barley increased (P < 0.01) live weight gain and carcass weight, reduced (P < 0.001) rumen pH, favoured gram-positive cocci and rods in the rumen, caused hyperkeratosis and gave increased (P < 0.01) empty reticulo-rumen weights, the latter being supposed to be enhanced by hyperkeratosis. The calves ate more (P < 0.001) fine than coarse hay, fine hay being superior (P < 0.01) in promoting growth of the rumen. All hay maintained a predominantly gram-negative rumen flora, but somewhat different from that on the milk replacer, and counteracted (P < 0.01) low pH in the rumen and apparently also hyperkeratosis due to barley. The results with barley indicated no relationship between diarrhoea and hyperkeratosis.     

Der Einsatz von Sortenmischungen zur Reduzierung des Krankheitsbefalls und zur Ertragsstabilisierung bei Sommergerste

Introducing varietal mixtures to reduce mildew attacks and to stabilize yields in spring barley
Cultivation of varietal mixtures of spring barley aims at producing a growing crop resistant to barley mildew ( Erysiphe graminis DC. f. sp. hordei Marchal). The so far rather short life of current varieties showing vertical resistance should be prolonged by using mixtures of several varieties.
By using varietal mixtures, stabilization of crop yields is obtained due to the decrease of mildew-related variability range of spring barley yields. Furthermore, labour and material are saved by reducing, or omitting, fungicide application.     

Influence of grain type on the insecticidal efficacy of two diatomaceous earth formulations against Rhyzopertha dominica (F) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae)

Laboratory bioassays were carried out in order to evaluate the effectiveness of two diatomaceous earth (DE) formulations, Insecto and SilicoSec, against adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (F) in eight different grain commodities. The adherence of the two DEs to each grain was also measured. The eight grains tested were wheat, whole barley, peeled barley, oats, rye, triticale, rice and maize. These commodities were treated with the DEs at three rates, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5 g DE kg(-1) grain. The mortality of R dominica adults was measured after 24 h, 48 h, 7 days and 14 days of exposure in the treated grains at 26 degrees C and 55% RH. After the 14-day mortality count, all adults were removed and the treated grains retained under the same conditions for a further 60 days. The treated grains were subsequently examined for F1 progeny. Significant differences were recorded among the eight grain types as well as between the DE formulations tested. After 14 days of exposure, even at the lowest DE rate for both formulations, adult mortality was high (>90%) in wheat and triticale. In contrast, adult mortality was significantly lower in peeled barley. Increasing the rate improved the efficacy of the DEs significantly in only some of the grains tested. Reproductive capacity in all the treated grains was significantly suppressed when compared with untreated grains. Generally, more F1 individuals of R dominica were noted in the treated peeled barley than in the other commodities. Significant differences in the percentage of DE retention were noted among the eight grains. The highest retention level was noted in rice (>87%) and the lowest in maize (<6%). However, the degree of DE adherence to a given grain was not always indicative of the effectiveness of DE against R dominica.