河蟹对北方稻田主要杂草选择性的初步研究

研究了在稻田中用网箱养殖的不同规格的中华绒螯蟹Eriocheir sinensis对稻田中4种杂草和水稻的选择性及摄食情况。结果表明：中华绒螯蟹对稻田杂草的摄食存在明显的选择性,对野慈姑Sagittaria trifoliavar.sinensis的摄食量最大,对鸭舌草Monochoria vaginalis和眼子菜Potamogeton franchetii的摄食量相对较少,对稗草Echinochloa crusgalli和水稻的摄食量最差。不同规格的中华绒螯蟹对杂草的摄食率有所不同,20-30 g的中华绒螯蟹对野慈姑的摄食率最高,与其它3种规格的中华绒螯蟹间存在极显著差异（P〈0.01）;30 g以上的中华绒螯蟹对鸭舌草和眼子菜的摄食率均最低,与其它规格的中华绒螯蟹间存在显著差异（P〈0.05）;1-10 g的中华绒螯蟹对稗草和水稻的摄食率最高,与其它规格的中华绒螯蟹间存在极显著差异（P〈0.01）。     

超低比转数离心泵叶轮切割的三维流场数值模拟

为研究超低比转数离心泵叶轮直径切割量与泵性能变化的关系,选取IS 50—32—250型离心泵为研究对象,利用商业软件Fluent对不同叶轮外径下泵的三维流场进行数值模拟,计算出不同叶轮切割量下的叶轮和泵体流场中压力场和速度场的分布。通过对不同叶轮切割量的计算结果分析比较,得出超低比转数离心泵叶轮切割量对泵的效率产生很大影响：叶轮切割量为0.03时,泵的效率突然升高;切割量为0.09时,效率稍有下降;切割量为0.15时,效率突然产生大幅度下降。实际切割中切割量不能大于0.15,否则性能严重下降。     

玉米秸秆还田对小麦生长和土壤水分含量的影响

[目的]研究不同玉米秸秆还田量对小麦生长和砂姜黑土水分状况的影响,探讨适宜的秸秆还田量。[方法]设置0、1 500、3 000、4 500和6 000 kg/hm~2玉米干秸秆粉碎还田量,小麦主要生育期采集0~10、10~20 cm土壤样品,测定水分含量;收获期考察小麦产量结构性状。[结果]实施玉米秸秆粉碎直接还田对后季小麦生长发育具有良好的促进作用,籽粒产量增长3.49%~7.09%,平均提高4.94%,3 000 kg/hm~2的中等秸秆用量处理小麦产量最高。小麦拔节期、孕穗期和开花期0~10 cm、10~20 cm以及0~20 cm土层水分含量显著提高,减轻了土壤干旱程度。[结论]当前生产水平下,淮北平原砂姜黑土地区玉米秸秆适宜还田量为3 000 kg/hm~2。     

Effect of Aquasorb and Organic Compost Amendments on Soil Water Retention and Evaporation with Different Evaporation Potentials and Soil Textures

Abstract

Aquasorb PR3005A, a hydrophilic polymer (a salt copolymer polyacrylamide), and garden waste compost were added to a loamy sand and a loam soil in pots to assess their impact upon soil physical properties at two different evaporation potentials. Compost was mulched and incorporated, the Aquasorb was incorporated, and their effect on temperature and amelioration of soil water content and evaporation was investigated. Mulching with compost reduced evaporation and increased soil temperature. Maize (Zea mays var. single cross 704) was sown in the same pots later, and growth indicator factors (plant height, fresh and dry weight, root weight, and leaf area) were compared. It was concluded that compost mulch application is beneficial to soil water retention whereas compost incorporation did not show these benefits. Compost mulch advances seedling emergence and enhances early growth through hydrologic soil amelioration. High rates of Aquasorb were also beneficial in advancing the emergence and early growth of maize seeded in loamy sand. The hydration capacity of Aquasorb is reduced as the electrolyte concentration and electrical conductivity are increased. Increased electrolyte concentration in soil solution, through drying, may result in gel dehydration and water release at potentials greater than field capacity, which may be lost to drainage. Furthermore, it is concluded that pot experiments with amendments fail to simulate field conditions.     

Enhancement in Nutrient Accumulation and Growth of Oil Palm Seedlings Caused by PGPR Under Field Nursery Conditions

Abstract

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (e.g., Azospirillum and Bacillus spp.) have been reported to enhance growth and fix N₂ with several nonleguminous crops. These rhizobacteria have the potential to be applied to oil palm seedlings and, consequently, reduce the cost of nitrogenous fertilizer. The rhizobacteria are also known as a bioenhancer for the ability to increase root growth and enhanced water and nutrient absorption by the host plants. An experiment was carried out in the field nursery station, Federal Land Development Authorities (FELDA), Bukit Mendi, Pahang, Malaysia, to observe the effects of PGPR inoculation on enhanced nutrient accumulation and plant growth (tops and roots) of oil palm seedlings under field nursery conditions. The inoculation process showed positive response in enhancing higher accumulation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the plant tissues, enhanced root dry weight and top growth (dry matter and leaf chlorophyll content) of the host plants under field nursery conditions.     

鄂东南冷浸田不同中稻品种产量及生理研究

筛选适宜冷浸田生产的水稻(Oryza sativa)栽培品种,于2011年在阳新县冷浸稻田中设置大田试验,研究在冷浸田条件下不同中稻品种产量构成及生理指标差异。结果表明,冷浸田严重抑制了水稻的生长发育,最终产量显著低于湖北省水稻产量平均水平(7 000 kg/hm2)。相对而言,籼稻比粳稻、糯稻更能适应冷浸田的环境;不同水稻品种在冷浸田条件下生理性状表现出显著差异,抽穗期水稻叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、可溶性糖含量和根系内过氧化物酶(POD)活性高低与水稻最终产量呈显著正相关,而叶片脯氨酸含量与产量关系不显著。单纯从水稻品种方面着手无法从根本上解决冷浸田水稻产量低的问题,需要配套使用合理的耕作方法和改良措施。     

生防菌解淀粉芽胞杆菌Ht-q6可湿性粉剂的研制及对番茄病害的田间防效

为了研制一种高效、安全及无污染的生防菌剂,本文以核桃内生生防菌解淀粉芽胞杆菌Ht-q6为材料,通过室内筛选和田间试验,确定了生防菌Ht-q6可湿性粉剂的最佳助剂配方及对番茄叶霉病和灰霉病的田间防效。结果表明,可湿性粉剂的最佳配方为载体硅藻土（85%）、润湿剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠（6%）、分散剂木质素磺酸钠（6%）、稳定剂KH₂PO₄（1.0%）、紫外保护剂抗坏血酸（1.0%）。该粉剂芽胞含量2.28×10¹⁰ cfu/g、杂菌率0.5%、pH 5.8、细度93.5%、干燥减量2.5%、润湿时间45 s、悬浮率85.6%,符合国家标准值,质量合格。同时采用喷雾法测定了不同浓度菌剂对大棚中番茄病害的防治效果,结果表明,稀释200×（制剂用量225 g/667m²）的可湿性粉剂对番茄灰霉病和叶霉病的防效分别为77.1%和74.3%,与对照药剂75%百菌清的防效相比,叶霉病防效差异不显著而灰霉病防效差异显著。该菌剂的研制在生产实践中为番茄病害提供一条生防途径。     

长期不同施肥对太湖地区黄泥土总有机碳及颗粒态有机碳含量及深度分布的影响

研究了长期不同施肥处理(化肥与秸秆配施、化肥与猪粪配施、单施化肥和不施肥)下,水稻土总有机碳和颗粒态有机碳的深度变化。结果表明,总有机碳(TOC)和颗粒态有机碳(POC)的深度分布都符合幂函数方程(Y=aX-b);不同的施肥处理主要影响耕层土壤的TOC和POC含量,POC分配比例在土壤深度上也有差异。其中,化肥与猪粪配施处理,由于有机物质的输入其TOC和POC含量显著高于其它3种处理;不施肥处理的POC含量显著高于单施化肥和秸秆配施化肥。并且,没有观察到耕层POC含量与不同小区的作物平均产量间的显著线性关系,这意味着土壤POC仅从含量来说,与作物生物量的输入并没有直接关系。而可能与施肥中的直接输入有较大关系。同时,POC含量与大团聚体颗粒组含量间的相关性不显著,说明不同施肥处理下POC的结构和性质可能发生了变异,导致其对大团聚体颗粒组形成及其稳定性的作用存在差异。可见,不同的施肥处理并没有改变TOC和POC的深度分布格局,只是改变了它们在耕层土壤的含量以及POC的分配比例。不同施肥处理下POC的结构性质及其稳定性的变化还有待于进一步的研究。     

江西省福寿螺分布现状及其在稻田的消长动态

通过野外实地调查以及田间抽样系统调查的方法,对福寿螺在江西省范围内的发生分布及其在稻田的消长规律进行了研究。调查发现,2015年福寿螺已分布在江西省的34个县市区,发生总面积为55 586 hm~2;田间抽样系统调查结果表明,江西省早稻田中福寿螺在6月中旬出现成螺高峰期,在7月上旬出现产卵高峰期,1代幼螺高峰期出现在7月上中旬;在中稻田中,福寿螺成螺和幼螺高峰均出现在8月中下旬,产卵高峰出现在8月下旬;双季晚稻田福寿螺成螺和幼螺在10月上中旬达高峰,产卵高峰期出现在10月中下旬。长期浅水灌溉处理稻田的福寿螺消长规律与干湿交替处理的相似,其成螺、幼螺和卵块密度与干湿交替处理稻田的无明显差异,表明干湿交替处理稻田对福寿螺种群增长无明显抑制作用。     

水浇地覆膜玉米吨粮生产技术研究

建平县老河川水浇地覆膜玉米田在玉米种植中通过群体结构优化,实现了玉米吨粮生产目标。介绍实现玉米吨粮生产的主要技术措施,包括地块选择、整地、品种选择、种植方式、密度、水分及施肥调控、病虫害防治等,以期为今后生产实践提供技术借鉴。