不同播期和灌水条件下冬小麦生物量变化与产量模拟

为了阐明播期和灌水对冬小麦生物量积累动态特征的影响并实现不同播期与灌水条件下的产量模拟,在吴桥实验站2年（2017—2019年）播期水分大田试验基础上,结合2011—2017年播期水分文献资料,采用“小麦钟”模型发育指数来定量模拟冬小麦的发育期,以Logistic模型定量模拟不同播期和水分处理对地上部生物量积累动态的影响,并建立冬小麦生物量模型,进而构建冬小麦产量模型。结果表明,播期通过影响冬小麦生长旺盛期来影响生物量积累;播期推迟,冬小麦生长旺盛期缩短而使生物量减小。不同水分处理造成的地上部最大生物量的差异主要由生物量的最大积累速率决定,生物量最大积累速率随灌水量的增大呈先增加后下降趋势。基于冬前积温和生长季供水量建立冬小麦生物量与产量模型,冬小麦地上部生物量实测值和模拟值的均方根误差（RMSE）和归一化均方根误差（NRMSE）分别为1980.2kg/hm2和15.7%,产量实测值和模拟值的RMSE和NRMSE分别为839.7kg/hm2和10.6%。基于发育指数的Logistic模型能较好地模拟冬小麦的生物量积累,对不同播期与灌水条件下的产量具有较好的预测效果。足墒播种条件下,冬小麦适宜冬前积温为200~600℃·d,生长季适宜供水量为200~450mm。该研究为华北地区合理调控播期灌水措施提供了科学依据,为不同播期与灌水条件下冬小麦产量预测提供了思路。     

生物炭添加量对冬小麦花后干物质积累及转运的影响

【目的】提高微咸水灌溉效率并降低土壤盐渍化风险。【方法】以冬小麦为研究对象,设计避雨条件下不同微咸水-生物炭处理(CK,淡水;B0,5 g/L微咸水;B15,5 g/L微咸水及15 t/hm²生物炭;B30,5 g/L微咸水及30 t/hm²生物炭;B45,5 g/L微咸水及45 t/hm²生物炭)的田间试验,探讨了微咸水灌溉下生物炭添加量对土壤特性和冬小麦花后干物质积累及转运的影响机制。【结果】生物炭添加后土壤表层(0~20 cm)体积质量降低了2.27%~8.33%,总孔隙度增加了4.52%~13.47%,有机质量增加了30.02%~111.12%,土壤表层(0~20 cm)及主根区(0~40 cm)钠吸附比降低了23.88%~33.27%和22.34%~30.80%;15 t/hm²能够促进盐分淋洗,降低了微咸水灌溉下土壤含盐量,然而高剂量时将加剧盐分累积。单独微咸水灌溉下冬小麦生长受抑,最终产量下降了12.04%。生物炭能够缓解盐胁迫下叶片早衰,促进光合作用能力,并增加花前干物质转运量及花后干物质积累量,进而获取了更高的籽粒质量和收获指数。B15、B30、B45处理的最终产量较B0处理分别增加9.18%、7.73%、2.74%。【结论】15 t/hm²添加量的生物炭效果最佳,可促进微咸水资源的农业利用。     

小麦秸秆压缩弯曲特性试验研究

为给秸秆圆捆打捆装置和其它打捆机构提供相应的力学参数和理论基础,根据麦茎秆的几何尺寸,并利用万能试验机控制夹具加载速度对不同含水率的麦秸秆进行弯曲、轴向压缩和径向压缩等力学特性试验,得出载荷-位移等曲线,并获得相关力学参数数据。利用Origin将数据直观地反映出来,再用MatLab对试验数据进行拟合,得出拟合方程。试验结果表明:麦秸秆压缩所需要的力大于弯曲所需的力;含水率和夹具加载速度在一定范围内时,无论是在麦秸秆的弯曲试验还是压缩试验中,载荷峰值的大小与加载速度和含水率都有关,因此在设计打捆压缩成型机构时需考虑含水率与其关键机构工作转速对打捆装置的影响。     

我国部分微灌工程的水质分析与评价

本文根据目前微灌系统存在的堵塞问题,从以下四个方面提出了微灌对水质的要求,1.水的混浊度;2.盐渍度;3.铁、硫、碳酸钙的含量;4.水中微生物的总量。同时,并就我国部分微灌工程进行了实地调查,对不同水源分别采集了水样,并进行了常规分析和评价。     

冬小麦叶片水势、气孔阻力、蒸腾速率与环境因素的关系

本文依据田间试验资料,分析了冬小麦叶片水势、气孔阻力和蒸腾速率在不同土壤基质势条件下的日变化规律,探讨了其与土壤基质势和天气条件(光照强度、净辐射、饱和差、气温)之间的关系,建立了叶片水势、气孔阻力、蒸腾速率与环境因素间的定量关系式。     

牧草抗旱机理与节水灌溉技术研究

在干旱、半干旱地区，牧草因长期处于亏水环境中，形成了一定的抗性，存在一个较宽的对水分利用相对较高的生理耗水阈值。木文从这一水分生理角度出发，在充分研究牧草生理生态适旱系列变化过程的基础上，确定了几种干旱半干旱草地的经济耗水量，并制定出相应的经济灌溉制度。     

基于无人机多光谱的耐旱苎麻品种筛选方法

高温干旱是影响作物生长及最终生产力的主要胁迫源。当前,无人机遥感技术已在作物倒伏和病虫害的分级监测研究中取得重大进展,但有关利用无人机遥感进行作物抗旱等级监测的研究却鲜有报道。因此,以苎麻种质资源为研究对象,提出了苎麻抗旱性量化标准,并提供了一种利用无人机多光谱遥感鉴定苎麻种质资源抗旱性的方法。首先,由专家对36份苎麻种质资源进行抗旱性分级;然后,结合无人机多光谱遥感获取的植被指数,采用随机森林(Random forest, RF)、支持向量机(Support vector machine, SVM)、决策树(Decision tree, DT)3种机器学习方法分别构建苎麻抗旱性鉴定模型,并通过苎麻在高温干旱胁迫下的表型响应检验鉴定结果;最后,基于无人机获取的遥感表型,筛选高温干旱胁迫下优质苎麻种质资源。结果表明,利用SVM构建的苎麻抗旱性鉴定模型正确率达到0.74,不同抗旱级分类F1得分范围为0.69～0.79,说明该方法能用于苎麻种质资源抗旱性评估。利用无人机遥感数据反演得到的3项苎麻表型性状(叶绿素相对含量、叶面积指数、株高)均与人工测量值具有较强的相关性,在此基础上,研究从高温...     

Effect of ABA,arginine and sucrose on protein content of date palm somatic embryos

Abscisic acid (ABA), arginine and sucrose were evaluated for their effects on the morphology, germination rates and protein content of date palm somatic embryos (SE). Different concentrations of these supplements in the culture medium were used. The comparative study of SE length and thickness between treated and untreated SE revealed no differences, except for ABA (20 μM), which increased thickness. A decrease of water content (WC) in favor of an increase in dry weight (DW) was observed in all treated SE, especially with sucrose (90 g l⁻¹) and ABA (20 μM). Only ABA (20 and 4 μM) caused a proliferation rate of the cultures higher than those in the control. Although all the tested compounds increased protein content, ABA (20 μM) was more effective in protein enrichment than arginine and sucrose treatments. The SDS-PAGE protein profiles showed a significant difference between treated and untreated SE. A protein band of 22 kDa, identified as glutelin in a previous work, was accumulated after treatment with 20 μM ABA or 3 mM arginine. These findings may contribute to further understanding of the mechanisms involved in the accumulation of specific storage proteins in several plants.     

Does root-sourced ABA play a role for regulation of stomata under drought in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

The Andean seed crop quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is traditionally grown under drought and other adverse conditions that constrain crop production in the Andes, and it is regarded as having considerable tolerance to soil drying. The objective of this research was to study how chemical and hydraulic signalling from the root system controlled gas exchange in a drying soil in quinoa. It was observed that during soil drying, relative g_s and photosynthesis A_max (drought stressed/fully watered plants) equalled 1, until the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) decreased to 0.82 ± 0.152 and 0.33 ± 0.061, respectively, at bud formation, indicating that photosynthesis was maintained after stomata closure. The relationship between relative g_s and relative A_max at bud formation was represented by a logarithmic function (r² = 0.79), which resulted in a photosynthetic water use efficiency WUE_Amax_/gs$\text{WU}{\text{E}}_{A_{\text{max}}/g_{\text{s}}}$ of 1 when FTSW > 0.8, and increased by 50% with soil drying to FTSW 0.7–0.4. Mild soil drying slightly increased ABA in the xylem. It is concluded that during soil drying, quinoa plants have a sensitive stomatal closure, by which the plants are able to maintain leaf water potential (ψ_l) and A_max, resulting in an increase of WUE. Root originated ABA plays a role in stomata performance during soil drying. ABA regulation seems to be one of the mechanisms utilised by quinoa when facing drought inducing decrease of turgor of stomata guard cells.