Three Filter Beds for Arsenite and Chromate Removal

Abstract

Arsenic (As) and chromium (Cr) are two of the most toxic pollutants introduced into natural waters from a variety of sources, and they cause various adverse effects on living bodies when their concentrations exceed permissible limits. Laboratory experiments have been conducted to investigate the sorption of As and Cr on carbon steel and removal of trace elements from drinking water with a household filtration process. The affinity of As and Cr species for iron/iron carbide (Fe/Fe₃C) sites is the key factor in controlling the removal of the elements. The method is based on the use of powder carbon steel, powdered block carbon, and ball ceramic in the ion‐sorption columns as a cleaning process. The presence of carbon steel in a system that contains As³⁺ and Cr⁶⁺ might have a potential effect.     

玉米秸秆对土壤吸持六价铬影响的试验研究

玉米秸秆是一种有机物料,它可以促进六价铬的吸持。研究通过批平衡试验,描述了不同玉米秸秆投入量对土壤吸持六价铬的影响及其动力学过程,通过10个动力学模型进行了拟合,效果较好。另外,还描述了反应的吸附等温线和平衡模型,结果可以用Herry模型、langmuir模型、Freundlich模型和Tekmin模型进行较好模拟。结果表明,秸秆有效地促进了六价铬在土壤中的吸持,可以作为六价铬的吸附剂。该结果具有良好的环境效应和经济效应。通过土柱试验,分别研究了秸秆覆盖和混合对土壤吸持六价铬的影响,有较好的实践意义。     

饲粮中添加铬——烟酸复合物对肉鸭生产性能、胴体成分及血液生化指标的影响

选择1日龄樱桃谷母鸭240只 ,随机分为3组 ,每组5个重复 ,每个重复16只 ,饲养49天。在各组鸭的饲粮中分别添加0、100、200μm/kg铬量的铬—烟酸复合物 ,研究铬—烟酸复合物对肉鸭生产性能、胴体成分及血液生化指标的影响。试验结果显示 :(1)饲粮中添加铬 -烟酸复合物显著(P<0.01)提高肉鸭体重和日增重 ,显著(P<0.01)降低料肉比 ,对日采食量无影响(P>0.05) ;(2)添加铬 -烟酸复合物显著(P<0.05)提高肉鸭瘦肉率和胴体粗蛋白质含量 ,显著(P<0.05)降低肉鸭皮脂率和胴体粗脂肪含量 ;(3)添加铬 -烟酸复合物显著(P<0.01)降低肉鸭血清总脂、葡萄糖、总胆固醇、三酰甘油和尿素氮含量 ,显著(P<0.01)提高血清总蛋白含量。试验结果表明 :饲粮中添加200μm/kg铬量的铬 -烟酸复合物不仅可促进肉鸭生长、降低料肉比 ,而且可提高屠宰性能 ,改善胴体品质     

含氮纤维素的制备及其对铬离子和铜离子的去除试验

探讨了以稻壳为骨架材料制备含氮纤维的方法及其对重金属离子Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）和Ｃｕ￣（２＋）的去除条件、吸附容量及再生情况．结果表明：制备的这种含氮纤维素对Ｃｒ（Ⅵ），Ｃｕ￣（２＋）等高子有很好的吸附能力．当ｐＨ＝２．５时，对Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的动态饱和吸附容量为３４．２１７ｍｇ／ｇ（干基）；ｐＨ＝６时，对Ｃｕ￣（２＋）的吸附容量为１０．６１１ｍｇ／ｇ（干基）．分别用１０％的氢氧化钠和５％的氨水溶液洗脱可以再生，它是一种较为新型、高效、价廉的重金属离子吸附剂．     

2015年山东省肉鸡饲料原料中重金属污染情况调查及风险评估

本试验旨在调查2015年山东省肉鸡饲料原料中砷、铅、镉、铬和汞元素的污染情况,评估饲料原料的污染风险。试验收集烟台市莱阳、威海市文登、青岛市莱西、潍坊市诸城、日照市莒县、临沂市沂水、德州市夏津等地不同饲料生产厂家使用的8种饲料原料,包括玉米、豆粕、麸皮、花生粕、棉籽粕、玉米蛋白粉、干酒糟及其可溶物( DDGS)和微量元素预混料,应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法( ICP-AES)检测镉、铅和铬元素的含量,应用原子荧光光谱法( AFS)检测砷和汞元素的含量,计算检出率、平均含量、超标率、最高含量与平均含量比值( HC/AC)和离散系数。结果表明：饲料原料中砷、铅、镉、铬和汞元素的检出率分别为32.29%、7.29%、12.50%、100.00%和100.00%;阳性样品中平均含量分别为0.21、1.27、2.12、3.48和0.02 mg/kg,超标率分别为0.00、1.04%、1.19%、54.76%和9.52%;微量元素预混料中砷、铅和镉元素,棉籽粕中铬元素及花生粕中汞元素的HC/AC最大,微量元素预混料中镉元素、花生粕中汞元素、豆粕中砷元素及棉籽粕中铅和铬元素离散系数最大。综上所述,肉鸡饲料原料中铬和汞元素污染严重;微量元素预混料中砷、镉、铬和铅元素、棉籽粕中铬和铅元素、花生粕和豆粕中汞元素易出现严重污染,因此建议制定预混料和饼粕类饲料中多种重金属元素的限量标准。     

铬对肉仔鸡生长性能、免疫功能和胴体品质的影响

用21日龄Arbor Acress(AA)肉公鸡336只,研究饲粮中添加铬对肉仔鸡生长性能、免疫功能和胴体品质的影响。将试验鸡只共分为8个处理组,分别添加源于氯化铬的铬2．0、4．0、6．0、8.0、10．0、12．0和14．0mg/kg。结果表明:饲粮中添加2．0mg/kg铬显著提高了肉仔鸡胸腺重(P<0．10),降低了腹脂率(P<0．10),4．0、6．0mg/kg铬显著提高了全净膛率(P< 0．10),各试验组显著提高了T淋巴细胞转化率(P<0．10);饲粮中添加铬对其余指标则无显著影响(P>0．10)。     

六价铬对黄颡鱼仔鱼和稚鱼的急性毒性效应研究

利用静水式鱼类急性毒性测试法,分别以黄颡鱼（Pelteobagrus fulvidraco）仔鱼和稚鱼为受试对象,通过六价铬的急性毒性试验,获得24、48、72、96 h相应的半数致死浓度LC50值,比较了六价铬对黄颡鱼仔鱼和稚鱼的致毒敏感性,计算了六价铬对黄颡鱼的安全质量浓度并对六价铬对于黄颡鱼急性毒性等级进行了评价。旨在通过开展我国本土水生生物的急性毒性效应的研究,获得相应的毒理学数据,为推导符合我国生态分区特点的水质基准提供基础信息。结果表明,在水温为（23±2）℃条件下,六价铬对黄颡鱼仔鱼24、48、72、96 h的半数致死浓度LC50分别为28.32、21.99、17.70、15.79 mg.L-1,而对黄颡鱼稚鱼24、48、72、96 h的LC50分别为138.5、88.36、68.55、57.98 mg.L^-1,说明黄颡鱼仔鱼对于六价铬毒性的敏感性明显高于稚鱼。六价铬对黄颡鱼仔鱼和稚鱼的安全浓度分别为1.579、5.798 mg.L^-1,依据急性毒性结果和鱼类急性毒性分级标准,六价铬对于黄颡鱼毒性等级属于中等毒性。     

猪粪源沼液振荡淋洗修复铬污染土壤效果及机制

针对铬污染土壤不易处置的难题,文章通过室内模拟实验,采用振荡淋洗的方法研究了猪粪源沼液对铬污染土壤中铬的淋洗效果,优化了固液比、淋洗时间和淋洗次数等影响土壤中总铬和六价铬洗脱效果的因子,并研究了猪粪源沼液淋洗前后土壤中铬形态分布及DOM的变化。结果表明,当环境温度为20℃,振荡速度200 r·min^-1时,沼液洗脱土壤铬的最优条件为:固液比1∶10,振荡6 h,淋洗1次。该条件下,当土壤总铬浓度为121.54 mg·kg^-1(六价铬浓度为119.9 mg·kg^-1)时,其总铬和六价铬洗脱率分别为43.27%,48.99%;当土壤总铬浓度为941.9 mg·kg^-1(六价铬浓度为856.9 mg·kg^-1)时,洗脱率达84.89%,96.32%。猪粪源沼液对水溶态、弱酸提取态和残渣态铬有较好的洗脱效果,有效削减了土壤环境风险。紫外-可见光谱和三维荧光光谱显示:淋洗后土壤DOM芳香性物质及疏水性物质减少,类腐殖酸类还原性物质增多,使得沼液对铬污染土壤有解毒效果。该研究可为铬污染土壤淋洗修复提供一定的参考价值。     

吡啶甲酸铬对饲喂不同脂肪水平日粮育肥猪胴体特性和胰岛素敏感性的影响

文章旨在研究不同脂肪水平日粮添加不同粒度吡啶甲酸铬对育肥猪生长性感、胴体特性及胰岛素敏感性的影响。试验选择平均体重为(51.8±3.45)kg的三元猪768头,试验采用2×4多因素方差设计,共2个脂肪水平(低脂和高脂),4个不同粒度吡啶甲酸铬水平(0 mg/kg,400 mg/kg粒度为320μm,15μm和50 nm的吡啶甲酸铬),其中每组4个重复,每个重复24头猪。试验共开展42 d。日粮添加吡啶甲酸铬较对照组显著提高了试验21 d肥猪的日增重(P<0.05);高脂日粮较低脂日粮显著提高了该阶段日增重(P<0.05)。日粮添加不同粒径吡啶甲酸铬显著提高了肥猪的屠宰率(P<0.05),吡啶甲酸铬组较对照组显著降低了背膘厚度(P<0.05);不同粒径吡啶甲酸铬显著提高了腰肌深度(P<0.05),吡啶甲酸铬和脂肪水平对腰肌深度的影响具有显著交互作用(P<0.05),其中添加吡啶甲酸铬的高脂日粮较其他组显著提高了腰肌深度(P<0.05)。日粮添加吡啶甲酸铬和脂肪水平对腰肌深度的影响具有显著交互作用(P<0.05),其中添加吡啶甲酸铬的高脂日粮较其他组显著提高了腰肌深度(P<0.05)。日粮添加吡啶甲酸铬显著降低了稳态模型(P<0.05),而高脂日粮显著提高了定量胰岛素敏感性检测指标(P<0.05)。综上所述:日粮添加吡啶甲酸铬可以提高育肥猪生长性能及胰岛素敏感性,其中微米和纳米级吡啶甲酸铬可以改善育肥猪胴体特性。     

The impact of the chromium supplementation on insulin signalling pathway in different tissues and milk yield in dairy cows

Thirty days before expected time of parturition, 20 Holstein cows were divided into ?Cr and +Cr groups. From day 25 before parturition (BP ) up to day 30 after parturition (AP ), +Cr cows received 10 mg of Cr (chromium‐enriched yeast) daily. Muscle and adipose tissue samples were taken at days ?30, ?10, +7 and +10 related to parturition, when body condition score (BCS ) was also determined. Hepatic tissue samples were taken at days ?10 and +7. Tissue samples were used for determination of the insulin signalling pathway protein expressions. Intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT ) was performed at days ?28, ?7, +10 and +30. Milk yield was recorded during first 14 weeks AP . Milk composition was obtained at days 7 and 28 AP . At day 10 BP , protein content of β ‐subunit of insulin receptor (IR β ) was significantly higher (p ? 0.05) in muscle, and phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 at serine 307 (pIRS ‐1 Ser³⁰⁷) was significantly lower (p ? 0.05) in hepatic tissue of +Cr group. After parturition, pIRS ‐1 Ser³⁰⁷ was significantly lower in muscle tissue at days 7 and 28 (p ? 0.05 and p ? 0.001, respectively), while phosphorylation of Akt at serine 473 (pA kt Ser⁴⁷³) was significantly higher (p ? 0.01) in hepatic tissue at day 7 AP in +Cr group. Chromium had opposite effect on insulin kinetics during IVGTT s obtained BP and AP . Insulin secretion was significantly reduced at day 7 BP and significantly enhanced at day 10 AP , when NEFA concentration was also significantly increased. Milk yield and ECM value were depressed in +Cr group. DMI and BCS were significantly enhanced in +Cr group at day 7 BP . In conclusion, chromium modulates insulin signalling pathway in dairy cows, but targeted signalling molecules are different in antepartal then post‐partal period, probably due to duration of exposure to chromium and different energy status between those periods.