全国高等院校农村区域发展本科专业建设的主要经验研究

我国高等院校农村区域发展专业在建设中积累了大量的经验。这些经验主要包括:因地制宜设定了本专业人才培养的目标,优化课程体系,以核心教材和区域性特色教材开发为突破口,积极加强教材建设,推行参与式教学方法,制定了科学的专业发展规划。     

内蒙古巴图湾水库库区不同沙障设置初期植物与土壤特征研究

为研究巴图湾水库库区实施防沙措施后土壤与植被的特征,选取了库区的尼龙网沙障、草方格沙障和草绳沙障,采用野外调查和室内分析的方法,对不同程度沙障内的植被及土壤指标进行了测定,初步得出:不同保存程度的尼龙网沙障植被长势存在差异。尼龙网沙障内粒度组成以中沙、细沙为主,细沙含量高于中沙。草方格内沙土0-30cm的中沙和细沙含量最高,30-50cm细沙含量最高,中沙次之,上层较深层沙粒粗。草绳沙障内沙土的粒度组成与尼龙网沙障结果相似,细沙含量最高,中沙次之。三种沙障的土壤全N、全P、全K的含量均较低,无明显差别。沙蒿地上生物量与有机质的变化趋势变化基本一致。     

基于多因素综合评价的居民点整理时序确定

为了科学确定农村居民点整理时序,构建了"潜力大小-斑块复杂程度-区位条件优劣"多因素评价体系,从农村居民点斑块形状复杂程度以及所处区位条件的优劣两方面分析其整理的难易程度和必要性大小,并将农村居民点分为"一级必要整理斑块"、"二级必要整理斑块"和"三级必要整理斑块",最后结合整理潜力分级结果将玉门市农村居民点整理划分为近期整理、中期整理和远期整理。结果表明:玉门市农村居民点潜力较大涉及22行政村,面积960.31 hm2,主要分布在昌马盆地区和花海绿洲平原区以及赤金-清泉绿洲区的部分行政村,潜力一般涉及32行政村,面积2 053.72 hm2,主要分布在玉门镇老城区以及玉门绿洲地区大部分行政村,潜力不大涉及3个行政村,面积304.90 hm2,主要分布在玉门新市区城市规划范围内的部分行政村;玉门市一级必要整理农村居民点斑块面积1 291.08 hm2,二级必要整理农村居民点斑块面积1 712.2 hm2,三级必要整理农村居民点斑块面积315.64 hm2。通过叠加居民点整理潜力及整理优先度分级结果图层,得出玉门市近期需整理农村居民点426.05 hm2,中期需整理635.40 hm2,远期需整理2 257.48 hm2。该文研究结果可为农村居民点整理时序确定提供一个新思路,为玉门市农村居民点整理规划提供决策依据。     

At sea movement of Macquarie Island giant petrels: Relationships with marine protected areas and Regional Fisheries Management Organisations

Satellite tracking devices were used to examine the at sea movements of southern and northern giant petrels from Macquarie Island during the Austral summers of 2005-06 and 2006-07. Time spent at sea for nine northern giant petrels (four breeding adults, five recently fledged juveniles) and 10 southern giant petrels (three breeding adults, one non-breeding adult, and six recently fledged juveniles) was examined in relation to marine protected areas and fishing activity in the area immediately adjacent to Macquarie Island in 2005-06, and in terms of the jurisdictions of Regional Fisheries Management Authorities (RFMOs) at a broader scale during both seasons. Breeding adult southern and northern giant petrels spent a large proportion of their time at sea in the Macquarie Island Marine Park (25% and 65%, respectively), primarily during chick rearing. Further from Macquarie Island, the most important foraging areas for adult giant petrels were the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) statistical sub-areas 58.4.1 and 88.1, where foraging activity was concentrated around the ice edge and the Polar Frontal Zone. Fledglings of both species spent time in the Marine Park immediately after fledging, before moving into international waters. We found significant temporal and spatial overlap in the areas used by recently fledged juvenile northern giant petrels and the areas utilised by the single trawler that operated in these waters during 2005-06. Adult giant petrels spent little time in RFMO waters other than those under the jurisdiction of CCAMLR, but fledgling southern and northern giant petrels spent considerable time (56% and 78% of total time at sea) on the high seas of the Pacific Ocean, in areas under the jurisdictions of the Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT), the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), the Inter American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) and the South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO). Band returns indicate that the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) and the South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO) areas are likely to be extensively utilised by Macquarie Island giant petrels in the first three years after fledging. Overall, Macquarie Island’s giant petrel populations are well protected by marine reserves during the breeding season. However, after fledging birds move into RFMO areas that currently have low standards of observer coverage and by catch mitigation, and where fisheries related mortality is likely to pose a significant risk.     

甘肃徽县铅锌污染农业区冬季土壤纤毛虫群落特征

2006年10月至2008年5月,用活体观察和同定染色方法对甘肃省徽县铅锌污染农业区土壤中纤毛虫冬季的群落特征进行了研究.在5个样点中共鉴定到土壤纤毛虫75种(包括9个未定名种和3个国内新记录种).隶属于3纲、11目、30科、4l属;对照1、对照2、厂区、县城和牟坝各样点的土壤中分别有纤毛虫42、39、17、16和28种;对照样点与受污染较重的厂区、县城和牟坝土壤中纤毛虫群落相似性系数为极不相似(q=0.14、0.22、0.27之间);各样点的物种多样性指数分别为4.76、4.28、2.15、2.05和3.28;各样点的铅含量分别为211、182、490、427和434mg·kg-1,锌含量分别为48.4、46.8、1 194、166和392mg·kg-1.结果表明,铅锌污染对农业土壤纤毛虫群落有很大影响,主要体现在群落结构趋于简单化,物种多样性明显下降.     

Do farmers care about climate change? Evidence from five major grain producing areas of China

Using a logistic model, this paper empirically investigated farmers' perception of climate change and its determinants based on a field survey of 1 350 rural households across five major grain producing provinces in China. The results show: i) There is an apparent difference in perception levels for long-term temperature and precipitation changes. Specifically, 57.4% of farmers perceived the long-term temperature change correctly, but only 29.7% of farmers perceived the long-term precipitation change correctly; ii) The factors influencing the farmers' perceptions are almost completely different between precipitation and temperature, the former are mostly agriculture related, while latter are mostly non-agriculture related, except for farm size; and iii) Farmers are not expected to pay more attention to long-term precipitation changes over the crop growing seasons, because less than 30% of farmers can correctly perceive long-term precipitation change. Therefore, to improve the accuracy of farmers' perceptions of climate change, the government is recommended to: i) enhance education and training programs; ii) speed up land transfer and expand household land farm size; iii) develop farmer cooperative organizations; iv) invest more in agricultural infrastructure, specifically in major grain producing regions; and v) improve the agricultural environment and increase farming income.     

从麦类种质资源中筛选大麦黄矮病毒(BYDV)抗原

用 ELISA 法鉴定了小麦近缘种赖草属(Leymus)、披碱草属(Elymus)、鹅冠草属(Roegneria)3个属的21个种,其中17个种抗 BYDV。21145份小麦品种中筛选到症状轻、病毒含量高的耐病品种忻县冬麦、江西早等29份。3604份大麦品种中筛选到症状轻、病毒含量低的抗病品种C13208、小麦近缘种(Agropyronintemedium)和普通小麦杂交的异源八倍体中4无芒,中5,远中7,陇远45、46,远中1001,忻4079以及附加系 L1。现已获得抗 BYDV 的以中4无芒、L1为亲本的杂交后代。     

A critical sites network for freshwater biodiversity in the Lake Victoria Basin

The Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) is known for its high levels of species richness and endemism. Freshwater ecosystems within this region are highly threatened, putting both biodiversity and human livelihoods at risk. Protected areas (PAs) should provide the foundation for conservation actions to tackle threats but currently poorly represent freshwater species. To address this issue, systematic conservation planning (Marxan) was used to identify networks of sites within the LVB for the conservation of freshwater biodiversity, based on existing Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) and PAs, and with minimal cost in terms of area and human impact. Networks were identified separately for threatened species and/or those endemic to the LVB, and those susceptible to the impacts of climate change. Here, these were combined to present an overall sites network for the conservation of freshwater biodiversity. Site‐level recommendations are provided as a scientific basis for the development and expansion of the existing network.