北京山地森林生态服务功能评估

根据《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》,采用北京市第六次森林资源清查数据、多年观测数据以及公共数据对北京市山地森林的生态服务功能进行评估。结果表明:北京山地森林生态服务功能价值为329.36亿元,各服务功能价值量大小依次为:涵养水源固碳释氧保育生物多样性净化大气森林游憩保育土壤营养物质积累。从涵养水源、积累营养物、保育土壤、净化大气环境、保育生物多样性、固碳释氧6项功能来看,北京山地各森林植被类型生态服务功能价值量排序为灌木林栎类林油松林经济林侧柏林阔叶混交林山杨林桦树林刺槐林落叶松林;从单位面积价值量来看,阔叶混交林所提供的生态服务功能年价值量最大,其次是栎类林,经济林提供的单位面积生态服务功能年价值量最小。     

关于欠发达地区农业发展的几点思考

欠发达地区的农业发展受到地理区位、自然资源禀赋、产业基础条件、劳动力素质、制度创新、公共品供应等问题的强力约束而举步维艰。随着欠发达地区新农村建设的启动和不断推进,如何利用这一过程中产生的各种条件解决问题化解矛盾,促进农牧业经济获得快速高效发展,是个值得深究的问题。本文从以上几个方面入手,提出针对性的几点建议。     

中国亚热带东西部山区热量和水分资源的比较分析及其对农业布局的影响

通过定位气候观测资料分析和实地考察,对中国亚热带东西部山区水分资源和热量资源的时空分布规律进行了比较研究,并探讨了水热资源对农业生产空间布局的影响。     

Integrating ecosystem services into conservation strategies for freshwater and marine habitats: a review

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青海共和地区近50年霜冻的气候变化特征分析

为了全面分析共和地区近50年霜冻的气候变化特征,为该地区合理利用气候资源及农业生产提供科学依据,利用青海省海南州气象台1961--2010年地面气象观测资料,采用气候统计方法,对共和地区霜期气候特征及其变化进行了分析。结果表明,近50年来共和地区终霜日呈显著提前趋势,以每10年4．5d的速度提前,50年来终霜日提前了23d;初霜日呈显著推后趋势,以每10年7．1d的速度推后,50年来初霜日推后了35d;无霜期呈显著延长趋势,以每10年11．9d的速度延长,50年来延长了60d。共和地区初（终）霜提前（推迟）的概率为42％（52％）,说明共和地区终霜的危害大于初霜。温度对初、终霜日的出现及无霜期的长短有较大影响。随着温度的显著增加,导致初（终）霜日逐渐推迟（提前）以及无霜期的延长;最低气温对初、终霜日及无霜期的影响大于平均气温和最高气温。共和地区初霜日和无霜期与最高气温、最低气温、平均气温呈极显著正相关,而终霜日则呈极显著负相关,且在年际尺度上呈现出很好的对应关系。     

Fishery benefits from behavioural modification of fishes in periodically harvested fisheries closures

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河北省扇贝养殖区河口区域石油类污染分析

在河北省扇贝养殖区7条主要人海河流河口区域设立监测站位,于2007年5月枯水期和8月丰水期对水样和沉积物样品中石油类含量进行监测.河口水样平均石油类含量丰水期为0.94 mg/L,超标18.8倍;枯水期为0.51 mg/L,超标10.2倍;丰水期明显高于枯水期.河口沉积物中石油类含量丰水期为473μg/g,为标准值的0.95倍;枯水期为777μg/g,为标准值的1.55倍;部分河口沉积物中石油类含量超标严重.河口区域水体石油类污染的主要原因是大陆径流.     

At sea movement of Macquarie Island giant petrels: Relationships with marine protected areas and Regional Fisheries Management Organisations

Satellite tracking devices were used to examine the at sea movements of southern and northern giant petrels from Macquarie Island during the Austral summers of 2005-06 and 2006-07. Time spent at sea for nine northern giant petrels (four breeding adults, five recently fledged juveniles) and 10 southern giant petrels (three breeding adults, one non-breeding adult, and six recently fledged juveniles) was examined in relation to marine protected areas and fishing activity in the area immediately adjacent to Macquarie Island in 2005-06, and in terms of the jurisdictions of Regional Fisheries Management Authorities (RFMOs) at a broader scale during both seasons. Breeding adult southern and northern giant petrels spent a large proportion of their time at sea in the Macquarie Island Marine Park (25% and 65%, respectively), primarily during chick rearing. Further from Macquarie Island, the most important foraging areas for adult giant petrels were the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) statistical sub-areas 58.4.1 and 88.1, where foraging activity was concentrated around the ice edge and the Polar Frontal Zone. Fledglings of both species spent time in the Marine Park immediately after fledging, before moving into international waters. We found significant temporal and spatial overlap in the areas used by recently fledged juvenile northern giant petrels and the areas utilised by the single trawler that operated in these waters during 2005-06. Adult giant petrels spent little time in RFMO waters other than those under the jurisdiction of CCAMLR, but fledgling southern and northern giant petrels spent considerable time (56% and 78% of total time at sea) on the high seas of the Pacific Ocean, in areas under the jurisdictions of the Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT), the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), the Inter American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) and the South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO). Band returns indicate that the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) and the South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO) areas are likely to be extensively utilised by Macquarie Island giant petrels in the first three years after fledging. Overall, Macquarie Island’s giant petrel populations are well protected by marine reserves during the breeding season. However, after fledging birds move into RFMO areas that currently have low standards of observer coverage and by catch mitigation, and where fisheries related mortality is likely to pose a significant risk.     

A critical sites network for freshwater biodiversity in the Lake Victoria Basin

The Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) is known for its high levels of species richness and endemism. Freshwater ecosystems within this region are highly threatened, putting both biodiversity and human livelihoods at risk. Protected areas (PAs) should provide the foundation for conservation actions to tackle threats but currently poorly represent freshwater species. To address this issue, systematic conservation planning (Marxan) was used to identify networks of sites within the LVB for the conservation of freshwater biodiversity, based on existing Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) and PAs, and with minimal cost in terms of area and human impact. Networks were identified separately for threatened species and/or those endemic to the LVB, and those susceptible to the impacts of climate change. Here, these were combined to present an overall sites network for the conservation of freshwater biodiversity. Site‐level recommendations are provided as a scientific basis for the development and expansion of the existing network.