茶叶良种高效栽培技术与推广

本文阐述了茶叶良种先进高效栽培技术项目的完成情况,以及在研究和推广扦插繁殖技术、品种优化技术、老茶园嫁接换种、双条凹沟深栽、优化有机肥施用等技术中取得的先进经验。     

广东省凤梨科观赏植物真菌病害鉴定

为给观赏植物病害的防治提供科学依据,根据病害症状和病原菌的形态特征以及有关文献的分类系统,鉴定了1998-2000年在广东调查的12种凤梨科观赏植物真菌病害,即围小丛壳[Glomerrellacinghlata(Stonem.)Spauld.etSchrenk]、辣椒刺盘孢[Colletotrichumcapsici(Syd.)Butl.etBisby]、水塔花星裂盘菌(PhacidiumbillergiaeL.ZengetP.K.Chi)、凤梨顶多毛孢菌(BartaliniaananassaL.Zeng,Z.D.JiangetP.K.Chi)、可可球二孢(BotryodiplodiatheobromaePat.)、钝头粘盘孢菌(ColletogloeumobtusumSutton)、油球拟茎点霉[Phomopsisdiplodinoides(Sacc.)Punith.]、筒凤梨拟茎点霉(PhomopsisspectabilisV.G.Rao&B.R.D.Yadav)引起的叶斑病,灰霉(BotrytiscinereaPers.)引起的花腐及分别由强雄腐霉(PythiumarrhenomanesDrechsler)、簇囊腐霉(PythiumtorulosumCoker&Patterson)和蕨柱帚霉(Cylindrocladiumpteridis Wolf)引起的根茎腐、叶基茎基腐和茎基腐。其中,星裂盘菌叶斑病、顶多毛孢叶斑病为凤梨科观赏植物的新病害;钝头粘盘孢菌、油球拟茎点霉为中国真菌新记录种。在温室生产中,以围小丛壳引起的叶炭疽病、筒凤梨拟茎点霉引起的叶斑病发生普遍而严重;根茎腐、叶基茎基腐和茎基腐在部分生产单位常引起死苗或死株     

Enhanced kernel set promoted by synchronous pollination determines a tradeoff between kernel number and kernel weight in temperate maize hybrids

Maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield is strongly related to the number of harvested kernels, where kernel number can be increased by synchronously pollinating silks rather than allowing them to be progressively pollinated as they naturally appear from the husks. However, there is scarce evidence on how this practice affects kernel weight (KW) and plant grain yield (PGY), and no report exists on its effects when combined with treatments aimed to reduce apical dominance, like male sterility and detasseling. Field experiments were conducted in two growing seasons (Exp₁ and Exp₂) using two hybrids, cropped at contrasting stand densities (3 and 9 plants per m²) and including (i) male-fertile and male-sterile versions, (ii) tasseled and detasseled plants, and (iii) natural (NP) and synchronous pollination (SP; pollen added manually to ears bagged 5 days after initial silking) systems. Tassel growth of sterile and fertile versions was also evaluated in a separate experiment (Exp₃). Detasseling increased the number of ears per plant reaching silking (P < 0.001) of NP plants, but this beneficial effect of reduced apical dominance did not improve kernel number per plant (KNP) or PGY. Similarly, the early arrest of anther growth in male-sterile plants had no clear benefit on KNP. In contrast, KNP was enhanced by synchronous pollination (range between −13% and +71%; average of +15.4% in Exp₁ and +3.9% in Exp₂). However, this pollination system promoted a decreased in KW (range between −30% and +4%; average of −11.8% in Exp₁ and −7.8 in Exp₂) such that the treatment had no effect on PGY (range between −19% and +37%; average of +1% in Exp₁ and −4% in Exp₂). Because plant growth rate around flowering was not different between pollination treatments, assimilate availability per kernel was reduced from ovary fertilization onwards in synchronously pollinated plants when compared to open pollinated plants. This explains the reduced KW when increasing KNP by synchronous pollination. In summary, none of the imposed treatments allowed grain yield to be increased at the plant level.     

MODELING GROWTH AND ION CONCENTRATION OF LILIUM IN RESPONSE TO NITROGEN:POTASSIUM:CALCIUM MIXTURE SOLUTIONS

Nutrient solution composition plays an important role in root uptake rate due to interactions among nutrients and internal regulation. Studies to determine the optimum nutrient solution concentration are focused on individual ions, ignoring the adaptation mechanisms triggered by plants when growing in a varying external nutrient concentration. The objective of the present study was to determine the response in growth and tissue ion concentration of lilium cv. ‘Navona’ to nutrient mixtures of varying proportions of nitrogen (N), potassium (K⁺), and calcium (Ca²⁺) in solution using mixture experiments methodology in order to determine the optimum concentration. Bulbs of lilium were transplanted in plastic crates and drip-irrigated with the treatment solutions, which consisted of a mixture of N, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ whose total concentration was 340 mg L^?1 and minimum concentrations of each ion was 34 mg L^?1. Chlorophyll concentration (SPAD), shoot fresh weight (FW), leaf FW, and leaf area were measured 60 days after transplanting and ion analysis was performed on shoot tissues from selected treatments. Lilium exhibited a moderate demand for N and K⁺ (136–170 mg L^?1 N and 116–136 mg L^?1 K⁺) and a very low demand for Ca²⁺ (34–88 mg · L^?1). This low demand may be due to the remobilization of the nutrients stored in the bulbs. Integrating the predictions of the models estimated to produce >90% of maximum growth, the optimum nutrient solution should contain Ca²⁺ at a concentration between 34 and 126 mg · L^?1, K⁺ between 119 and 211 mg · L^?1, and N between 92 mg · L^?1 and 211 mg · L^?1. Increasing external N concentration affected internal N concentration but not internal K⁺ or Ca²⁺ concentrations, despite that the increase in external N was associated with a decrease in external K⁺ and Ca²⁺. Similar trends were observed for external K⁺ and Ca²⁺ concentration. In conclusion, lilium was able to maintain a relatively constant K⁺ and Ca²⁺ concentration regardless of the lower concentration in the nutrient solution when N was increased (similar response was observed for K⁺ and Ca²⁺) and it has a low Ca²⁺ demand and moderate N and K⁺ supply.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve the growth and phosphorus uptake of mung bean plants fertilized with composted rock phosphate fed dung in alkaline soil environment

Abstract

Inoculation effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on phosphorus (P) transfer from composted dung of cattle with a diet supplemented with powdered rock phosphate (RP) and their successive uptake by mung bean plants was assessed in alkaline soil. The efficacy of composted RP fed dung alone or/and in combination with AMF inoculums containing six different species were compared with SSP in six replicates per treatment in pots. The results showed that the association of AMF with composted RP fed dung had a positive effect on mung bean shoot (3.04?g) and root (2.62?g) biomass, chlorophyll (a, b), carotenoid contents and N (58.38?mg plant^?1) and P (4.61?mg plant^?1) uptake. Similarly, the percent roots colonization (56%) and nodulation of mung bean plant roots and their post-harvest soil properties were also improved by the inoculation of AMF together with composted RP fed dung. It is concluded that the combined application of AMF with composted RP fed dung has almost the same effect as SSP for improving mung bean plants growth and their nutrients uptake. Moreover, AMF inoculants can be used as a suitable biofertilizer in combination with locally available organic sources of fertilizers for improving P status and growth of plants in alkaline soils.     

山西土石山区3种草本植物根拉拨特性

为了解山西省土石山区固土护坡草本植物根系拉拔特性,筛选拉拔力优势草本植物物种进行水土流失防治,通过开展根系原位拉拔力学试验,研究了3种典型草本植物香根草（Vetiveria zizanioides L.）、百喜草（Paspalum notatum Flugge）、黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.）根系拉拔力随根径和土层深度的变化规律。结果显示:3种草本植物根系拉拔力随着根径的增大而增加,且拉拔力与根径之间满足幂函数关系;整体上,根系拉拔力从大到小顺序表现为香根草 > 黑麦草 > 百喜草,而且三者之间差异显著;但在D≤0.4 mm和D>0.4 mm两个根径组下,黑麦草均表现出较好的拉拔力性能。在0—10 cm,10—20 cm两个土层间,香根草和百喜草两种植物根系拉拔力性能相似,而黑麦草单根拉拔力在表层土壤发挥效果优于下层土壤。从单根拉拔力方面出发,黑麦草在3种植物中可优先考虑用于固持浅表层土壤。试验探究了草本植物单根在不同根径组下和土层深度下的抗拔性能,研究结果可为山西省土石山区水土保持植物措施草本植物物种选择提供理论依据。     

Landscape,Soil, and Plant Analysis of Japanese Stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) Invasion in the Piedmont Region,SC

Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum), an exotic invasive plant, is native to Southeast Asia. This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition of Japanese stiltgrass as well as soil and landscape characteristics that correlate with invasion of Japanese stiltgrass around Lake Issaqueena in the upper Piedmont of South Carolina. Geographic Information Systems (GISs) and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) were used to determine the spatial pattern of invasion with respect to the aspect, slope, canopy cover, soils, and distance to roads and trails. Japanese stiltgrass was distributed on both sides of Lake Issaqueena in Pacolet and Madison soil map units (Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults) on the average slopes of 21%, but it was particularly common on the eastern shore of the lake in low-lying wet and shaded areas (mean canopy cover 51%). In addition, invasion by Japanese stiltgrass was correlated with the proximity to roads and trails. Plant tissue analysis revealed many differences in the distribution of macronutrients, macrominerals, and micronutrients in the leaves, stems, and roots of Japanese stiltgrass, although those differences were not always statistically significant. Concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca) were the highest in leaves while zinc (Zn) concentrations were the highest in stems and concentrations of magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and sodium (Na) tended to be higher in roots. Carbon (C), sulfur (S), and potassium (K) concentrations were generally higher in above-ground tissues versus roots. Soil chemical analysis revealed no statistical differences between control and invaded plots. Our findings suggest that watershed areas surrounding lakes may be particularly susceptible to the invasion of Japanese stiltgrass due to their microclimates, low-lying wet pathways for seed distribution and recreational uses.     

Effect of nutrient solution salinity and ionic concentration on parsley (Petroselinum crispum Mill.) essential oil yield and content

The growth and essential oil (EO) production of parsley were evaluated in response to salinity and nutrient solution concentrations in a soilless culture. Parsley plants that were 60 days old were potted in a coconut fiber and peat moss medium and were treated with four different nutrient solutions, including T1, T2, T3 and T4. The T1 nutrient solution was the standard, the T2 and T3 solutions contained incremental macronutrient concentrations with an electrical conductivity (EC) of up to 2.2 and 3.2 dS m^?1, respectively, and the T4 solution was the same as T2 but with sodium chloride (NaCl) and an incremental macronutrient concentration with an EC of 3.2 dS m^?1. Next, these plants were grown for 90 days in a greenhouse with natural daylight in Nador, Morocco. Shoot and root growth significant decreased with increasing EC. However, the salinity that resulted from the addition of NaCl did not affect plant growth in the nutrient solutions. The optimum obtained growth and EO production were 1.2 and 2.2 dS m^?1, respectively. Consequently, the optimum EC value (based on the EO production) of parsley in the soilless culture was 1.2–2.2 dS m^?1.     

The effect of NPK fertilizer with different nitrogen solubility on growth,nutrient uptake and use by chrysanthemum

The effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilizer with different nitrogen forms on N, P, K use, uptake and growth of potted chrysanthemum plants during three vegetation phases was observed in two - years experiment. In the experiment, NPK fertilizer with slow soluble nutrients with different nitrogen forms: ureaform, (IBDU) isobutyledenediurea and melamin, was used. At control treatment the identical fertilizer was applied but the nitrogen was in ammonia and urea forms as usually used in horticulture. The experiment clearly showed the positive effect of NPK fertilizer containing half nitrogen amount in ureaform, on growth and plant nutrient uptake. This effect of nitrogen ureaform was confirmed by both the highest uptake of N, P, K and the highest yield of biomass. The NPK fertilizer with half nitrogen content in ureaform ensured optimal nutrient release according chrysanthemum nutrient requirement.     

辽宁地区两种菊科入侵植物与本地植物光合特性比较

为明确外来植物生理生态学性状及其与其强入侵性的关系,本研究采用野外原位气体交换参数测定的方法,分析了菊科入侵植物豚草、三裂叶豚草与其共生本地植物紫菀光合特性和叶片性状的差异。结果表明,豚草、三裂叶豚草、紫菀3种植物的光饱和点(LSP)均高于800μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),且两种入侵植物的LSP显著高于紫菀,表观量子效率(AQY)则显著低于紫菀;3种植物的最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))大小顺序为豚草三裂叶豚草紫菀,其中,豚草和三裂叶豚草的P_(nmax)分别比紫菀高出151.28%、82.80%,且差异显著。两种入侵植物的比叶面积(SLA)、叶片的单位质量氮含量(N_(mass))、叶片单位质量磷含量(P_(mass))、光合能量利用效率(PEUE)、光合氮利用效率(PNUE)均显著高于紫菀,但3者叶片单位质量建成成本(CC_(_(mass)))差异不显著。综上所述,辽宁的两种菊科入侵植物相对于本地共生种来说有着较高的气体交换参数和叶片特性指标,且其光合特性和叶片特性也存在着密切的联系,表现在这些菊科入侵植物有着更高的P_(nmax)、PNUE、PEUE和水分利用效率(WUE)等光合特性指标和能量利用指标,使得入侵植物能够更有效地捕获和利用环境资源,成为其得以成功入侵的原因之一。