药用植物填料减轻卷烟危害机理的研究进展

卷烟中药用植物填料的运用形式不同、填料在卷烟及其相关产品的使用位置不同,药用植物减害的目标指向及其理化和药理机理就不同,主要机理涉及3个方面。首先,中草药与烟草同源,药用植物用于卷烟减害契合中医的烟熏疗法,体现了中医的配伍理论,药用植物具备能预防、缓解或治疗吸烟所致疾病的特定类群。其次,药用植物填料通过直接截留、物理吸附、化学吸附和催化解毒来降低烟气中焦油、烟碱、稠环芳烃、亚硝胺、自由基、挥发性酚类、巴豆醛、氰化氢、一氧化氮、一氧化碳、氨和重金属元素的含量。再者,卷烟中药用植物成分的特定熔点、沸点或气化点和吸燃烟支的温度条件决定了成分具备烟气转移属性,能缓解、治疗吸烟所致的呼吸道疾病、血管损伤及癌变,并具一般性的消炎和提高机体免疫力的功效,可为卷烟的药用植物减害实践和中国特色卷烟的研发提供依据。     

园林植物高新技术育种研究综述和展望

随着我国园林绿化市场的持续升温,园林植物育种领域的研究不断得到重视,在传统育种技术的基础上,以现代生物技术、航天和离子注入诱变育种为核心的高新技术育种得到较大程度的发展。本文阐述了基因工程和细胞工程技术在园林植物株型和花型、花色和香味、生长发育、延缓衰老、抗病虫、抗逆境等方面的研究现状;综述了航天育种和离子注入育种等高新技术的研究基础,及其在园林植物种质创新领域的研究进展;并介绍了国内有关研究单位的一些相关研究情况。分析了园林植物育种技术的发展趋势,并重点对园林植物现代生物技术、航天和离子注入育种作了展望。     

功能性inositol类物质在不同植物中的含量分析

利用乙醇抽提不同植物中的inositol类物质,将其抽提物中的水溶相部分依次通过ODS柱和阴离子交换柱后,用HPLC法进行分析。结果表明,D-pinitol含量多的植物有槐树叶、红花三叶草、白花三叶草、繁缕、银杏叶、婆婆指甲菜;D-chiro-inositol含量多的植物有蒲公英、白背;ononitol含量多的植物有槐树和婆婆指甲菜;myo-inositol含量多的植物有金银花、柿子叶、蒲公英、桑树叶。     

13种优良绿化攀缘植物对干旱胁迫的生理响应

为弥补国内在园林绿化攀援植物抗旱能力方面的研究空白,为园林绿化实践提供优良抗旱攀援植物品种,试验以叶片保水力、可溶性糖含量和游离脯氨酸含量等生理生态学指标,对项目组从资源圃中27科共54种攀援植物中筛选出的13种综合性状优良的攀援植物品种,在干旱胁迫下的生理响应进行了研究。研究结果表明,不同供试攀援植物品种在干旱胁迫下表现出来的反应差异比较明显,其中耐旱性最强和耐旱性最弱的材料在许多指标上的差异达到了1倍左右甚至更大,而且具有一定的规律。对13个供试攀援植物品种在抗旱性方面的综合表现进行了模糊评价,初步确定鸡蛋果、红萼龙吐珠、美丽赪桐、金银花、麻雀花、星果藤和清明花等7个品种为比较抗旱的品种,同时也具有较为优良的景观性状,可供将来生产实践中推广应用。     

8种棕榈植物幼苗耐盐性的比较分析

摘要：将加那利海枣(Phoenix canariensis)、棍棒椰子(Hyophorbe verschaffeltii)、三角椰子（Dypsis decaryi）、国王椰子（Ravenea rivularis）、飓风椰子（Dictyosperma album）、大王椰子（Roystonea regia）、红棕榈（Latania lontanoides）和狐尾椰子(Wodyetia bifurcata)8种棕榈植物幼苗培养在不同含盐量的土壤中,研究了土壤盐度与棕榈植物幼苗株高生长、植株各部分生物量的关系,确定棕榈植物幼苗生长的土壤盐度的适宜值、临界值和极限值。根据植物生长量和土壤盐度的关系曲线,可以分成3种类型：低盐促进类型（三角椰子和棍棒椰子）、直线负相关类型（国王椰子、加那利海枣和飓风椰子）和低盐敏感类型（狐尾椰子、红棕榈和大王椰子）。8种棕榈植物幼苗耐盐性依次为：加那利海枣>棍棒椰子>三角椰子>国王椰子>飓风椰子>大王椰子>红棕榈>狐尾椰子。     

Deficit irrigation based on drought tolerance and root signalling in potatoes and tomatoes

Agriculture is a big consumer of fresh water in competition with other sectors of the society. Within the EU-project SAFIR new water-saving irrigation strategies were developed based on pot, semi-field and field experiments with potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and processing tomatoes as model plants. From the pot and semi-field experiments an ABA production model was developed for potatoes to optimize the ABA signalling; this was obtained by modelling the optimal level of soil drying for ABA production before re-irrigation in a crop growth model. The field irrigation guidelines were developed under temperate (Denmark), Mediterranean (Greece, Italy) and continental (Serbia, China) climatic conditions during summer. The field investigations on processing tomatoes were undertaken only in the Po valley (North Italy) on fine, textured soil. The investigations from several studies showed that gradual soil drying imposed by deficit irrigation (DI) or partial root zone drying irrigation (PRD) induced hydraulic and chemical signals from the root system resulting in partial stomatal closure, an increase in photosynthetic water use efficiency, and a slight reduction in top vegetative growth. Further PRD increased N-mineralization significantly beyond that from DI, causing a stay-green effect late in the growing season. In field potato and tomato experiments the water-saving irrigation strategies DI and PRD were able to save about 20-30% of the water used in fully irrigated plants. PRD increased marketable yield in potatoes significantly by 15% due to improved tuber size distribution. PRD increased antioxidant content significantly by approximately 10% in both potatoes and fresh tomatoes. Under a high temperature regime, full irrigation (FI) should be undertaken, as was clear from field observations in tomatoes. For tomatoes full irrigation should be undertaken for cooling effects when the night/day average temperature >26.5 °C or when air temperature >40 °C to avoid flower-dropping. The temperature threshold for potatoes is not clear. From three-year field drip irrigation experiments we found that under the establishment phase, both potatoes and tomatoes should be fully irrigated; however, during the later phases deficit irrigation might be applied as outlined below without causing significant yield reduction:

•

Potatoes

°

After the end of tuber initiation, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

•

Fresh tomatoes

°

From the moment the 1st truce is developed, DI is applied at 85-80% of FI for two weeks. In the middle period, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

•

Processing tomatoes

°

From transplanting to fruit setting at 4th-5th cluster, the PRD and DI threshold for re-irrigation is when the plant-available soil water content (ASWC) equals 0.7 (soil water potential, Ψ_soil = −90 kPa). During the late fruit development/ripening stage, 10% of red fruits, the threshold for re-irrigation for DI is when ASWC = 0.5 (Ψ_soil = −185 kPa) and for PRD when ASWC (dry side) = 0.4 (Ψ_{soil, dry side} = −270 kPa).

The findings during the SAFIR project might be used as a framework for implementing water-saving deficit irrigation under different local soil and climatic conditions.     

植物对水分胁迫的分子响应及其遗传改良研究进展

植物对水分胁迫适应性的生理机理已相继在水稻、小麦、玉米、高梁等作物中得以报道。然而，有关这些性状的遗传控制及其在与逆境下作物生产的关系却了解甚少，由此阻碍了抗性遗传改良的进展。随着基因定位、基因组图谱、基因转移等分子生物学技术的发展，对植物抗逆性状进行分子剖析成为可能。本文综述了主要禾谷类作物对水分胁迫的抗性生理及遗传研究上的最新进展，讨论了植物抗性遗传改良的发展前景。     

华北平原冬小麦田问蒸散与棵问蒸发的变化规律研究

试验研究冬小麦田间蒸散和棵间蒸发变化规律及其影响因子结果表明 ,播种～返青期冬小麦棵间蒸发占蒸散比例 (E ET)最大 ,抽穗～灌浆期最小。整个生长期间棵间蒸发占蒸散量 31 .4 % ,棵间蒸发占蒸散比例 (E ET)与冬小麦叶面积指数 (LAI)有一定关系 ,E ET =0 .36 93× (LAI) - 0 .74 93(R2 =0 .82 36 )。     

低温胁迫下三七一年生紫、绿地上茎植株抗氧化能力的研究

旨在探究三七地上茎积累花色苷对其抗寒性的效应。研究了冰水模拟低温胁迫下三七一年生紫、绿地上茎植株叶片可溶性蛋白质和丙二醛(MDA)含量及抗氧化酶比活力。结果表明,在冰水模拟低温胁迫下,紫、绿地上茎植株叶片的可溶性蛋白质含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)比活力及绿地上茎植株叶片的MDA含量均上升,紫、绿茎植株叶片的过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)比活力及紫茎植株叶片的MDA含量均下降,且紫茎叶片可溶性蛋白质含量和CAT比活力的升幅及绿茎叶片POD和SOD比活力的降幅均更大;在冰水处理结束时,紫茎植株叶片的可溶性蛋白质含量、POD和SOD的比活力均高于绿茎的,但CAT比活力和MDA含量略低于绿茎的。但是,紫、绿茎植株叶片的可溶性蛋白质和MDA含量及抗氧化酶比活力的差异均未达到显著水平。因此,三七地上茎积累花色苷利于其抗寒。     

农作物无损检测的机器视觉系统标定方法研究

基于机器视觉的无损检测是植物生长建模的关键技术之一,对图像采集系统进行标定是实现无损检测的基本步骤.目前,摄像机标定的方法有传统标定方法、主动视觉标定法、自标定方法等.为此,对现有标定方法分别进行了讨论与比较,结果表明,传统线性标定法可以满足农作物无损检测的要求.