复合式分离型热管在原油采出液余热回收中的应用

通过蒸汽辅助重力泄油(Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage,SAGD)技术开采稠油时,采出液温度较高,对其进行热回收的节能潜力较高,油田采用热管式换热器回收采出原油的余热,将其作为工业或生活用热具有研究价值。考虑到现场空间要求和工程设备模块化的特点,利用U形管壳式换热器、螺旋板式换热器作为分离型热虹吸热管蒸发段和冷凝段,并建立复合式分离型热管模型,分析其换热性能、循环压降、充液率及换热能力。采用新疆油田油水二次换热区的分离型热管系统验证该模型,结果表明:复合式分离型热管计算模型可行;复合式热管具备U形管壳式换热器、螺旋板式换热器的优点,换热性能强,系统换热能力可以满足实际要求,有较好的环境适应性。     

Transient heat transfer characteristics of air-array-jet impingement with different nozzle arrangements on high-temperature flat plate in small jet-to-plate distance

Numerical studies on transient heat transfer characteristics of air-array-jet impingement with a small jet-to-plate distance and a large temperature difference between nozzles and plate were presented.The dimensionless jet-to-plate distance(H/D)was 0.2,and non-dimensional nozzle-to-nozzle spacing(S/D)was 3,4,5 and 6,respectively.It is found that the quenching time is shortened at a constant total mass flow at air jet inlet m·(m·=218.21 kg/h),and the heat transfer uniformity is deterio-rated as S/D increases.However,the adding reversed-flow nozzles can shorten the quenching time of the glass plate considerably with a modest change in the heat transfer uniformity.The results at variable m·are the same as those at a fixed m·.Furthermore,the parity and arrangement of nozzles are also discussed,It is found that an odd number of nozzles is more beneficial for transient heat transfer.Based on these results,an appropriate proposal for ultra-thin glass tempering process is presented.     

母猪热应激敏感指标体系的研究进展

母猪由于其皮下脂肪厚、汗腺不发达等特点,在高温环境下容易发生热应激。有研究表明：热应激会改变其生理状态和血液生化成分等,降低母猪繁殖力,造成严重的经济损失。然而,目前针对母猪热应激敏感指标的研究总体较粗略、评价体系不全面;而且,母猪的耐热性受遗传、年龄和日粮等多种因素的影响,使得准确评价母猪热应激状态比较困难,成为制约母猪适宜环境参数研究的重要因素。笔者在系统总结母猪热应激研究的基础上,从表型、生理、生化、分子等不同层次探讨了相关指标对热应激的敏感程度及其作为母猪热应激评价指标的可行性,以期为生产中母猪热应激诊断及环境参数的优化奠定基础。总结发现：母猪热应激敏感指标有表皮温度、呼吸频率、直肠温度、血液和肝脏热休克蛋白70（HSP70）等;比较敏感的指标有：血中皮质醇（COR）、天门冬氨酸转移酶（AST）、丙氨酸转移酶(ALT)、肌酸激酶（CK）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）。其他指标如血清蛋白、血糖、血液免疫细胞、K ⁺、Na ⁺等随母猪热应激也有所变化,可作为辅助参考指标。其中,表皮温度、呼吸频率、直肠温度和HSP70水平可作为评价母猪长期热应激的指标。此外,尽管母猪热应激造成的行为变化相对滞后,但其测定成本低、对动物无应激,仍然具有一定价值。     

Effects of increased ambient temperature and supplemental altrenogest before pregnancy establishment in gilts

Heat stress (HS) mitigation strategies are critically needed to combat the substantial economic effects on animal agriculture. The manifestations of seasonal infertility include delayed puberty onset, reduced conception rates, decreased litter size, and increased wean to estrus interval. To assess the effects of HS during early gestation and evaluate the benefit of supplemental altrenogest (ALT) as a mitigation strategy, 30 crossbred postpubertal gilts (157 ± 11 kg body weight) were subjected to estrous synchronization via 14 d oral administration of ALT. Artificial insemination during estrus was performed, and gilts were then placed into one of four treatment groups: HS (35 ± 1 °C for 12 h/31.60 ± 1 °C for 12 h) with (HSALT, n = 7) or without (HSCON, n = 7) 15 mg/d ALT supplementation or thermal neutral (TN; 20 ± 1 °C) conditions with (TNALT, n = 8) or without (TNCON, n = 8) 15 mg/d ALT supplementation until 12 d post-estrus (dpe). Administrating ALT occurred at 0600 hours from 3 to 12 dpe, and rectal temperatures (T_R) and respiration rates (RR) were recorded. Blood was collected via jugular venipuncture on 0, 4, 8, and 12 dpe. Gilts were euthanized humanely at 12 dpe followed by the collection of ovarian tissue, and uterine flushing for conceptus collection. In HS compared with TN gilts, RR and T_R were increased (P < 0.01) but unaffected by ALT supplementation. Feed intake was reduced (P < 0.01) by HS but unaltered by the ALT treatment. Corpora lutea (CL) weight was reduced (P < 0.01) in HSCON gilts when compared with TNCON and HSALT gilts despite progesterone concentrations in serum and luteal tissue not being affected by treatment (P ≥ 0.10). CL diameter was reduced (P ≤ 0.05) in HSALT gilts compared with other treatments. Interleukin-1β (IL1B) uterine flush concentration was not affected (P > 0.20) by environment or ALT supplementation, although moderate (P = 0.06) interaction between environment and ALT existed, as IL1B concentration in TNALT was increased (P = 0.03) compared with TNCON gilts. While environment did not affect conceptus development (P = 0.90), ALT supplementation advanced conceptus elongation (P < 0.01). Collectively, these data demonstrate that HS may affect luteal development before pregnancy establishment, and ALT increases conceptus elongation by 12 dpe.     

荔枝果肉热泵干燥及其储藏特性研究

为了探讨荔枝果肉热泵干燥特性及储藏过程中一些品质指标的变化规律,将去皮去核后的果肉进行热泵干燥,测定其干燥特性及储藏过程中色泽、褐变度、总酸、糖组分、质构及微生物指标的变化。结果表明：荔枝果肉在60 ℃下热泵干燥2 h,干燥速度升至最大值后进入降速干燥阶段,干燥过程中,亮度L*值变化不大,a*值和b*值显著增大;干燥18~20 h,样品的水分含量达25%左右、颜色呈金黄色;不同水分含量的荔枝果肉干在储藏过程中,L*值、a*值和b*值下降,果肉发生褐变,总酸含量呈上升趋势,果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖呈减少趋势;水分含量35%的样品储藏180 d褐变明显;荔枝果干的硬度和咀嚼性在储藏后期明显增大,黏着性变化不显著。采用热泵干燥荔枝果肉,25%水分含量的样品品质和储藏性较佳。     

秸秆沼气集中供气工程运行管理维护研究

文章针对凤凰村秸秆沼气集中供气工程运行管理维护中存在的问题,进行分析并提出了相应的解决办法,为今后秸秆沼气集中供气工程建设及运营提供经验和借鉴。     

定量泵负载敏感系统卸荷压力冲击抑制研究

定量泵负载敏感系统在快速卸荷时容易出现压力冲击现象,对系统的可靠性和寿命产生较大危害。三通压力补偿阀是定量泵负载敏感系统中关键的调压元件,本文以三通压力补偿阀为切入点,建立定量泵负载敏感系统功率键合图模型,基于键合图模型推导系统的状态方程,建立Matlab动态仿真模型,探讨系统卸荷压力冲击的抑制方案。基于系统仿真模型,首先对系统卸荷压力冲击的仿真与试验进行对比,验证了仿真模型的正确性;然后,针对三通压力补偿阀的系统压力腔阻尼、阀芯直径、Ls腔阻尼、阀口锥角等关键参数,对卸荷压力冲击影响规律进行仿真;最后,基于关键参数对卸荷压力冲击影响规律的分析,提出了一种"小阀芯、双阀口"型三通压力补偿阀结构优化方案,并对其卸压冲击抑制效果进行了仿真和试验。结果表明,该方案可以有效抑制卸荷压力冲击,优化后系统卸压冲击压差比原系统降低了89%,卸荷压力降低了20%,进一步实现了节能。     

植物热激转录因子在非生物逆境中的作用

非生物逆境通常导致生物体内蛋白变性。热激蛋白(Hsp)作为分子伴侣协助蛋白的重新折叠、稳定、胞内运输和降解,以阻止受损蛋白的累积,维护细胞内环境的稳定。而热激蛋白的表达是通过热激转录因子(Hsfs)结合于热激蛋白基因的启动子的热激元件上(heatshockelement,HSE),以募集其它转录因子而形成转录复合体,促进热激蛋白基因的表达。植物热激转录因子比动物系统更为多样性。根据其基本的结构域,植物热激转录因子可分为三类:HsfA、HsfB、HsfC。A类Hsfs已有大量深入的研究和报道,特别是在番茄方面。HsfB和HsfC的作用尚不清楚。在其复杂的网络中,每一热激转录因子均有其独特的作用,取决于其表达模式、亚细胞定位、聚合化、活性及与其他蛋白的相互作用。在非生物逆境,尤其是热激逆境下,A类热激转录因子在调节热激蛋白的表达起着重要作用。番茄的HsfA1起着主导作用,其缺失无法被其他相近的Hsfs所取代,但在持续热逆境下,在HsfA1的配合下,HsfA2可成为主要调节因子。B类热激转录因子可作为A类Hsfs的阻抑蛋白。然而,基于对不同的单个突变体的研究,以及对酵母Hsf1致死突变体的拯救恢复,一些热激转录因子的作用又是丰余的。此外,热激蛋白也对热激转录因子起负反馈调节作用。     

塔里木灌区棉花生长发育光热条件的分析

根据阿拉尔市气象局(原阿拉尔气象站)1961~2003年的气象资料,采用求平均值和五日滑动平均气温来确定某界限温度的初、终日期及其持续期活动积温。结果表明:塔里木灌区多年平均总日照时数2 873.3 h、日照百分率65%、棉花生长发育及产量构成关键期每天的日照时数平均都在9 h以上,日平均气温值在25~30℃期间天数的多年平均值52 d;日平均气温≥10℃的多年平均初、终日在4月1日和10月18日、持续天数201 d、活动积温(∑t≥10℃)的多年平均值4 112.3℃;日平均气温≥15℃的多年平均初、终日在4月24日和9月30日、持续天数160 d、活动积温(∑t≥15℃)的多年平均值3 566.5℃。结论:灌区光照时间长短合适,总量十分优越,棉花生长后期天气晴朗,棉桃容易裂铃,有利于生产出色泽洁白、高品质的棉纤维;棉花安全生育期时间较长,热量条件较好,但秋温降低过快,吐絮期热量条件稍显不足,应多种植早熟品种。     

Chronic otitis externa with heat shock protein 70-positive intranuclear inclusion bodies in the ceruminous gland epithelium of a Chihuahua dog

A Chihuahua dog showed persistent itching in the right ear canal. Anti-inflammatory medicines and prednisolone were ineffective and total ear canal ablation was performed. Histological diagnosis was chronic otitis externa. Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies (Cowdry type A and full-type) were occasionally observed in the ceruminous gland epithelium. The inclusion bodies were negative for nucleic acid and ultrastructurally composed of fibrous structures (approximately 10 nm in width). Viral infection was initially suspected, but polymelase chain reaction tests did not detect the expected viral genes. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the inclusion bodies were positive for heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), suggesting that these bodies could be protein aggregates including HSP70. The etiology of this lesion has not been elucidated, but chronic inflammation may influence the cytoplasm-to-nuclear transportation of HSP70. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of canine chronic otitis externa with HSP70-positive intranuclear inclusion bodies.