缓解奶牛热应激的喷淋水滴特性试验

夏季高温造成奶牛热应激,物理降温以蒸发散热缓解奶牛高温,其中喷淋降温系统是我国常用的降温方法。利用激光雨滴谱仪(LPM)对6种不同标准扇形喷嘴(9010、9030、9060、9080、90100、90120)在0.15、0.20、0.25 MPa工作压力下进行了测试,计算分析了6种喷嘴在不同工作压力下水滴粒径的分布,研究了水滴粒径与喷淋流量、单个水滴动能、喷淋强度的关系。结果表明:水滴粒径分布呈正态分布模型,不同工作压力(0.15、0.20、0.25 MPa),所测6种不同型号的喷嘴水滴平均粒径为0.475~1.210 mm;水滴粒径与喷淋流量呈线性关系(R20.96);9010、9030型号喷嘴在小水滴粒径0.125~0.250 mm范围内占有10%~20%的比例,易雾化飘移,不适合奶牛蒸发降温;不同工作压力下单个水滴动能随水滴粒径的增大而增大,呈幂函数关系(R20.96);喷嘴的平均喷淋强度和水滴平均粒径呈指数关系(R~20.96),平均喷淋强度均大于72 mm/h。试验得出水滴平均粒径0.801 mm(9060)、0.914 mm(9080)、1.047 mm(90100)、1.210 mm(90120)将仿真奶牛从39.3℃降温至37℃所用时间平均值为85、75、48、30 s。     

马齿苋水提物对热应激小鼠空肠结构及吸收功能的影响

旨在探讨马齿苋水提物（aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea L.）对热应激小鼠空肠结构及吸收功能的影响。将40只昆明种小鼠随机分为4组（n=10）：空白对照组（C）、热应激组（HS）、马齿苋水提物组（AEP）、维生素C组（Vc）,HS、AEP和Vc组每天于（40±1）℃环境下处理0.5 h,连续热应激6 d后将小鼠转置于室温下给药治疗。给药7 d后眶窦采血,并采集小鼠空肠;测定小鼠血清中D-木糖、葡萄糖含量;HE染色观察空肠组织病理学变化;qRT-PCR法检测空肠黏膜ZO-1、SGLT1及GLUT2 mRNA的相对转录水平。结果显示,与C组比较,HS组小鼠空肠黏膜绒毛高度极显著降低（P<0.01）;血清中D-木糖的含量极显著降低（P<0.01）;空肠黏膜中ZO-1、SGLT1和GLUT2 mRNA的相对转录水平均极显著降低（P<0.01）;与HS组相比,AEP组小鼠空肠绒毛高度极显著提高（P<0.01）;血清中D-木糖及葡萄糖的含量均显著升高（P<0.01或P<0.05）;空肠黏膜中ZO-1、SGLT1和GLUT2 mRNA的相对转录水平均显著升高（P<0.05或P<0.01）。高温处理可导致小鼠空肠黏膜脱落及吸收功能下降,而在给予马齿苋水提物治疗后可通过提高空肠ZO-1 mRNA表达量修复空肠黏膜结构,通过促进空肠黏膜SGLT1和GLUT2 mRNA的转录量改善吸收功能。马齿苋水提物能在一定程度上修复热应激导致小鼠空肠黏膜结构损伤,改善热应激小鼠肠道的吸收能力。     

开式离心纸浆泵叶轮流道内部流场PIV试验研究

为研究开式纸浆泵叶轮流道内纤维颗粒对液相流场的影响,采用透明有机玻璃材料制造模型样机,以清水和0.1%质量浓度的头发纤维悬浮液为介质,通过PIV试验对叶轮流道内的流动进行可视化研究.试验结果表明:当输送清水介质时,在大流量工况下叶轮流道内流动稳定,未出现旋涡和低速区;在小流量工况下,当叶轮流道旋转到蜗壳隔舌附近位置时,在叶轮流道中段压力面附近开始产生低速区,且低速区随着叶轮流道靠近隔舌位置和流量减小逐渐增大,在远离隔舌位置的叶轮流道内未产生明显的低速区;受叶片扭曲的影响,在叶轮流道内垂直于泵轴的不同截面上的相对速度大小不同,且随着叶片扭曲程度减小,相对速度差减小;输送头发纤维悬浮液介质时,在纤维颗粒的影响下,叶轮流道内的液相流动相对速度降低,导致在小流量工况下叶轮流道中段压力面附近低速区面积增大;在大流量工况下,纤维颗粒存在使液相流动的相对速度大小分布更均匀.     

大型贯流式泵站快速门加速启动过渡过程

为研究大型贯流式泵站机组闸门加速启动过程中的外特性参数变化及流态变化,对灯泡贯流泵机组进行三维建模,采用Fluent软件中的UDF来控制闸门的启动过程,使用铺层法动网格技术来控制闸门处网格生成与消灭,并设定S-A模型作为湍流模型,对灯泡贯流泵机组启动过程进行瞬态数值模拟.计算结果表明:当贯流泵机组快速门以10倍设计速度启动时,机组的转速与流量将以更快的速度达到额定转速与额定流量,同时瞬间最大倒灌流量相比未加速启动时增加了30%.当贯流泵机组处于倒流状态时,靠近轮毂处叶轮叶道压力面的压强呈现出从叶轮进水边向出水边逐渐递增的分布规律.当机组处于零流量的临界状态时,混乱的流态导致压力集中及脱流现象加重,叶轮进水边负压区范围扩大且程度加深.     

Distances Walked by Long Established and Newcomer Horses in an Open Stable System in Northern Germany

Group housing is claimed to possibly provide horses with a species-appropriate movement possibility, and hence, better welfare. Thus, this study analyzed the daily walked distances of 51 horses held in one group in a “HIT Active Stable” (Hinrichs Innovation + Technik) in Northern Germany by using global positioning system (GPS) technology during a 7 ½-month time span. The daily walking distances of the whole group, as well as newcomers, were investigated. The horses traveled an average of 8.43 km/day. Linear mixed models were applied. The observation day had a significant effect on the daily walking distances (P < .01) due to season and the available area per horse. The age as covariate also had a significant effect (P < .01). The breed had no significant effect (P = .96). No significant differences were found in sex (P = .69), which can be explained by the fact that only mares and geldings were investigated, which do not show increasing locomotion caused by sexual behavior as stallions do. On six of the first nine days, new horses moved significantly more compared to the remaining 24 of the 30 observation days directly after individuals’ inclusion. This is probably due to more exploration and rank-fighting behavior. Similar walking distances were seen among the horses on the single observation days because all horses had to travel the same distance to reach resources. Further, it is suspected that not all horses can sufficiently live out their urges to move, especially in winter, when pasture is inaccessible.     

黑木耳烘干控制系统的研究

黑木耳烘干控制系统，采用压缩式热泵，AT89C51单片机、SHT75型温湿度传感器、加热器等组成温湿度控制电路。控制干燥室内的温湿度，完成对干燥室内的黑木耳进行低温、高效率的去湿干燥。     

不同菜心品种耐热性鉴定指标的筛选

研究了6个不同熟性的菜心品种在高温塑料棚中苗期和采收期对农艺性状(株高(PH)、开展度(Width)、基叶数(BLN)、薹叶数(SSLN)、叶片长度(LL)、叶柄长(PL)、叶宽(LW)、叶柄宽(PW)、叶厚(LT)、薹高(SSH)、薹粗(SSD)、薹重(SSW)、总重(TW)和播种成活率(SR))和生理生化(丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)、电导率(EC)、叶绿素(Ch))等指标变化的影响,并以菜心热害指数为性状筛选标准,采用隶属函数法对相关数据进行了分析。结果表明:4项指标与热害指数显著负相关并可以用来鉴定菜心的耐热性,即高温塑料棚采收期的菜心株高(HT-PH)、薹叶数(HT-SSLN)、采收期的单株生物总重(HT-TW)和播种成活率(HT-SR)。6个菜心材料的耐热性可以分为3类:"四九-19号菜心"和"四九黄菜心"为耐热型;"油绿50d菜心"和"油绿501菜心"为一般耐热型;"油绿菜心701"和"特青迟心4号"为热敏型。     

Comparing climate-growth responses of urban and non-urban forests using L. tulipifera tree-rings in southern Indiana,USA

Urban forests have many positive effects on human health and recreation. However, urban areas can create stressful environments for native trees, leading to increased mortality and an altered ecosystem. Here, we compare growth variability and the climate response from old (>200 years) L. tulipifera growing in an urban forest in Bloomington, IN to surrounding non-urban sites in southern Indiana using dendrochronological techniques. We found that L. tulipifera growing in the urban forest responded similarly with small differences to climate compared to the non-urban sites. Radial growth from urban L. tulipifera had statistically similar correlation values with temperature, soil moisture, and precipitation compared to the trees in non-urban forests. Growth variability between the urban and non-urban L. tulipifera trees showed good agreement through time with the exception of the 20th century, where the urban forest experienced a stand-wide release from competition. Our results indicate that some urban forests may function similarly to non-urban forests from an ecological perspective. These findings suggest management practices from non-urban old-growth forest could be useful for management of rare urban old-growth forests.     

不同热激处理对菊花抗氧化相关酶活性的影响

以观赏菊花为试验材料,研究45℃胁迫3、5℃预热锻炼0、.5 mM水杨酸处理以及水处理对其叶片超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性的影响。结果表明:3种酶活性均表现出下降的趋势,其中POD和CAT活性变化较为一致,与对照相比,下降程度从小到大依次为直接胁迫热激锻炼水处理水杨酸处理;而SOD下降程度从小到大则为热激锻炼直接胁迫水处理水杨酸处理。3种酶活性均表现为水杨酸处理的下降程度最大,且形态表现与生理变化一致。