Carbon dioxide emissions after application of tillage systems for a dark red latosol in southern Brazil

Soil tillage may influence CO₂ emissions in agricultural systems. Agricultural soils are managed in several ways in Brazil, ranging from no tillage to intensive land preparation. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of common soil tillage treatments (disk harrow, reversible disk plow, rotary tiller and chisel plow tillage systems) on the intermediate CO₂ emissions of a dark red latosol, located in southern Brazil. Different tillage systems produced significant differences in the CO₂ emissions, and the results indicate that the chisel plow produced the highest soil carbon loss during the 15 days period after tillage treatments were performed. Emissions to the atmosphere increased as much as 74 g CO₂ m⁻², at the end of a 2-week period, in the plot where the chisel plow treatment was applied, in comparison to the non-disturbed plot. The results indicate that the total increase on the intermediate term soil CO₂ emissions due to tillage treatments in southern Brazil is comparable to that reported for the more humid and cooler regions.     

中国陕西省施有机肥黄土NH4+固定的热力学性质

Some thermodynamic properties of NH₄⁺ fixation by loess soil in plowing and clay layers are discussed. The results indicate that the four ion adsorption equations commonly used can describe the properties of NH₄⁺ fixation in these soils under constant temperature. Among the four adsorption equations, the single-surface Langmuir equation is the best. When the concentration of NH₄Cl solution is 10^-1 mol below, the Freundlich equation can be used. The changes of apparent standard free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°) illustrate that NH₄⁺ fixation in soil is an endothermic adsorption and spontaneous reaction, and the process can be enhanced by a higher temperature and clay content in soil. The "proper value of NH₄⁺ fixation by soil (K₁ × q_m) increased with increasing clay content and temperature. The heat of NH₄⁺ fixation in soil (Q_m) confirms the conclusions made in this paper.     

Effects of 4-amino 1,2,4-triazole, dicyandiamide and encapsulated calcium carbide on nitrification inhibition in a subtropical soil under upland and flooded conditions

 Nitrification inhibition of soil and applied fertilizer N is desirable as the accumulation of nitrates in soils in excess of plant needs leads to enhanced N losses and reduced fertilizer N-use efficiency. In a growth chamber experiment, we studied the effects of two commercial nitrification inhibitors (NIs), 4-amino 1,2,4-triazole (ATC) and dicyandiamide (DCD), and a commonly available and economical material, encapsulated calcium carbide (CaC₂) (ECC) on the nitrification of soil and applied NH₄ ⁺-N in a semiarid subtropical Tolewal sandy loam soil under upland [60% water-filled pore space (WFPS)] and flooded conditions (120% WFPS). Nitrification of the applied 100 mg NH₄ ⁺-N kg^–1 soil under upland conditions was retarded most effectively (93%) by ECC for up to 10 days of incubation, whereas for longer periods, ATC was more effective. After 20 days, only 16% of applied NH₄ ⁺-N was nitrified with ATC as compared to 37% with DCD and 98% with ECC. Under flooded soil conditions, nitrates resulting from nitrification quickly disappeared due to denitrification, resulting in a tremendous loss of fertilizer N (up to 70% of N applied without a NI). Based on four indicators of inhibitor effectiveness, namely, concentration of NH₄ ⁺-N and NO₃ ^–-N, percent nitrification inhibition, ratio of NH₄ ⁺-N/NO₃ ^–-N, and total mineral N, ECC showed the highest relative efficiency throughout the 20-day incubation under flooded soil conditions. At the end of the 20-day incubation, 96%, 58% and 38% of applied NH₄ ⁺-N was still present in the soil where ECC, ATC and DCD were used, respectively. Consequently, nitrification inhibition of applied fertilizer N in both arable crops and flooded rice systems could tremendously minimize N losses and help enhance fertilizer N-use efficiency. These results suggest that for reducing the nitrification rate and resultant N losses in flooded soil systems (e.g. rice lowlands), ECC is more effective than costly commercial NIs. Received: 25 May 2000     

Enzyme activities and microbial community structure in semiarid agricultural soils

This study investigated the effect of management on -glucosidase, -glucosaminidase, alkaline phosphatase, and arylsulfatase activities and the microbial community structure in semiarid soils from West Texas, USA. Surface samples (0–5 cm) were taken from a fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam, and loam that were under continuous cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) or in cotton rotated with peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.), sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L.), rye ( Secale cereale) or wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), and had different water management (irrigated or dryland), and tillage (conservation or conventional). The enzyme activities were higher in the loam and sandy clay loam than in the fine sandy loam. Soil pH was not affected by management, but the soil organic C and total N contents were generally affected by the different crop rotations and tillage practices studied. The trends of the enzyme activities as affected by management depended on the soil, but in general crop rotations and conservation tillage increased the enzyme activities in comparison to continuous cotton and conventional tillage. The soil enzyme activities were significantly correlated with the soil organic C ( r -values up to 0.90, P< 0.001), and were correlated among each other ( r -values up to 0.90, P <0.001). There were differences in the fatty acid methyl ester profiles between the fine sandy loam and the sandy clay loam and loam, and they reflected the differences in the enzyme activities found among the soils. For example, a 15:0 ranged from 1.61±0.25% in cotton-peanut/irrigated/no-till in the fine sandy loam to 3.86±0.48% in cotton-sorghum/dryland/conservation tillage in the sandy clay loam. There were no differences due to management within the same soil.Trade names and company names are included for the benefit of the reader and do not infer any endorsement or preferential treatment of the product by USDA-ARS     

Hierarchical classification of environmental factors and agricultural practices affecting soil fauna under cropping systems using Bt maize

The population dynamics of soil organisms under agricultural field conditions are influenced by many factors, such as pedology and climate, but also farming practices such as crop type, tillage and the use of pesticides. To assess the real effects of farming practices on soil organisms it is necessary to rank the influence of all of these parameters. Bt maize (Zea mays L.), as a crop recently introduced into farming practices, is a genetically modified maize with the Cry1Ab gene which produces a protein toxic to specific lepidopteran insect pests. To assess the effects of Bt maize on non-target soil organisms, we conducted research at a field site in Foulum (Denmark) with a loamy sand soil containing 6.4% organic matter. The study focused on populations of springtails (Collembola) and earthworms (Oligochaeta) from samples taken at the beginning and at the end of the maize crop-growing season during 2 consecutive years. Farming practices, soil parameters, the biological structure of soil communities, and the type and age of the crop at the time of sampling, were used as attributes to predict the total abundance of springtails and biomass of earthworms in general and the abundance or biomass for specific functional groups (epigeic, endogeic and anecic groups for earthworms, and eu-, eu to hemi-, hemi-, hemi to epi- and epiedaphic groups for Collembola). Predictive models were built with data mining tools, such as regression trees that predict the value of a dependent variable from a set of independent variables. Regression trees were constructed with the data mining system M5′. The models were evaluated by qualitative and quantitative measures of performance and two models were selected for further interpretation: anecic worms and hemi-epiedaphic Collembola. The anecic worms (r²=0.83) showed preferences for less clay and more silt soil with medium pH but were not influenced directly by farming practices. The biomass of earthworms was greater in early autumn than in spring or late autumn. Biomass of hemi-epiedaphic Collembola (r²=0.59) increased at the end of the maize growing season, while higher organic matter content and pH tended to increase their biomass in spring. Greater abundance of Collembola was also noted in early autumn if the crop was non-Bt maize. The models assessed by this research did not find any effects of the Bt maize cropping system on functional groups of soil fauna.     

几种叶黄素方剂对高温高湿环境中蛋鸡行为和生产性能的影响

为探讨几种叶黄素方剂对高温高湿环境中罗曼粉壳蛋鸡的抗热应激效果,选取216只47周龄的健康、体质量及生产性能相近的罗曼粉壳蛋鸡,随机分为6组(常温对照组、高温对照组、高温叶黄素组和叶黄素合剂Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组),对照组饲喂基础日粮,高温叶黄素组和叶黄素Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组则在基础日粮的基础上添加120 mg/kg叶黄素、叶黄素合剂Ⅰ(120 mg/kg万寿菊叶黄素+1 g/kg甜菜碱)、叶黄素合剂Ⅱ(120 mg/kg叶黄素+200 mg/kg维生素C)和叶黄素合剂Ⅲ(120 mg/kg叶黄素+2 g/kg中草药),测定不同叶黄素方剂对高温高湿环境中蛋鸡行为和生产性能的影响。结果表明,叶黄素合剂能有效降低高温环境中蛋鸡死淘率,改善蛋鸡的健康状况。与高温对照组相比,叶黄素组与叶黄素合剂Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组平均日采食量分别提高了1.59%(P0.05)、6.07%(P0.01)、11.12%(P0.01)、10.39%(P0.01);产蛋率分别提高0.91%(P0.05)、8.31%(P0.01)、13.93%(P0.01)、5.56%(P0.01);破壳率分别降低了7.38%(P0.05)、44.26%(P0.01)、59.02%(P0.01)、17.21%(P0.01);料蛋比分别下降0.40%(P0.05)、6.85%(P0.01)、6.05%(P0.01)、4.03%(P0.05);死淘率分别降低了12.51%、74.98%、87.49%、50.00%。可见,几种叶黄素方剂均具有缓解热应激作用,以叶黄素合剂Ⅱ效果最佳。     

高温高压热处理材力学性能神经网络建模研究

木材高温高压热处理是一种相对稳定且非常环保的木材热处理方法。该研究利用BP神经网络建模研究木材高温高压热处理与其力学性能的关系,结果表明BP神经网络在网络构建和预测性能上效果良好。在此基础上对木材热处理的工艺参数进行了分析和优化,这对科学合理地使用木材具有重要意义。     

新型液位传感器的研究

综述了变介电常数型的电容式传感器工作原理,根据极板之间介质量的变化引起电容量随之发生变化,设计了相应的检测滤波电路,通过转换电路转换成频率输出,应用单片机构成控制检测系统,从而达到准确测量油量的变化的目的。     

北赵引黄泵站水泵抗磨蚀问题研究探讨

黄河沿岸建有数百座扬水泵站，黄河泥沙对水泵磨蚀十分严重，不仅严重破坏了水泵的过流部件，而且也对水泵性能参数产生很不利的影响。文章根据北越引黄工程的实际情况，结合研究实验成果，提出了北越引黄泵站水泵抗磨蚀措施。     

充油式潜水电机节材探讨

介绍了感应电动机热负荷、温升与有效体积之间的关系，提出了充油式潜水电机节材的两条重要依据，即冷却条件好和减小有效体积就可减小油耗，并列举了实例。