热激法开采天然气水合物研究进展

天然气水合物具有极高的开采价值,热激法是天然气水合物开采的重点研究方向,当前热激法的主要注热方式有注热流体、井下电加热、微波加热、太阳能加热等。对国内外热激法开采天然气水合物的研究进展进行了综述,分析了不同注热方式的优缺点:注热流体具有操作简单,流体循环利用等优点,但能量利用率较低,适用于饱和度较高的水合物开采;井下电加热热损失较小,适用于开采井井深较大的情况;微波加热能量转化率高,对水合物具有更强的靶向加热作用;太阳能加热清洁环保,符合可持续发展战略目标。微波加热和太阳能加热具有很大的开发潜力和广阔的发展前景,但目前的技术发展尚不足以进行推广。     

遮阳网对西北地区夏季围栏牛场环境和肉牛生理特征的影响

为了研究遮阳网在中国西北地区应用于围栏育肥牛场以缓解夏季肉牛热应激的效果,该试验对现场环境指标进行实测,同时对肉牛的皮肤温度、呼吸频率进行了记录,通过数据分析,对不同时段牛场的温热环境进行了评价。结果表明:遮阳网在各个时段都能改善肉牛生长环境,在午时可减少87%的太阳辐射,使温度降低3.95℃,黑球温度降低19.9%,从而将环境从严重热应激状态转变为中度热应激状态;中午肉牛的躺卧行为百分比从14.21%升高至59.9%(P0.01),而站立行为的百分比从64.5%降至29.7%(P0.01),且各个时段肉牛饮水行为占比较低;非遮蔽区的黑球温度与肉牛皮温和呼吸频率的相关性最高,相关系数分别为0.53和0.20。以上结果通过环境和肉牛生理特征的变化,反映了遮阳网主要通过减少太阳辐射来降低肉牛热应激水平,改善肉牛的生长环境,从而在维持其生产性能的同时提高了动物福利。该研究可为遮阳网在中国肉牛行业中的应用效果提供参考。     

鸡舍换气余热干燥鸡粪设备夏季干燥性能研究

鸡舍换气余热干燥鸡粪是指利用鸡舍换气时排出废气的余热来除去鸡粪中水分的热力干燥方法,该方法的主要特点为工艺简单、能耗低。该文主要对鸡舍换气余热干燥鸡粪的原理进行了阐述,探讨了鸡粪干燥过程中各种热量的计算方法,并针对中国的气候特点,结合鸡舍换气余热干燥鸡粪设备设计改造了一种可在夏季利用环境空气对鸡粪进行干燥的通风方式,最后对湖北应城的一套鸡粪干燥设备(manure drying system,MDS)进行了夏季应用效果的测试。结果表明:夏季不同天气条件下干燥设备的干燥速率差异较大;晴天天气下由于外界环境空气的混入,鸡粪含水率从初始含水量降至28%(湿基)耗时只需28 h左右,比阴雨天气下缩短约20 h;夏季阴雨天气下鸡舍换气余热可满足48 h内把鸡粪含水率降至30%以下的热量需求,但阴雨天气会降低鸡粪的干燥速率。晴天天气下由于湿帘的影响,鸡舍所排废气湿度过大,此时可结合环境热空气对鸡粪进行干燥,提高鸡粪干燥速率。研究结果可为优化鸡粪干燥工艺,探索节能环保的干燥方法提供理论参考。     

城市森林降温效应影响因素研究进展

城市森林是缓解城市热岛效应的重要绿色基础设施。本文探讨影响城市森林降温效应的内、外因素及作用机制,为优化城市森林结构、缓解城市热岛效应提供参考。影响城市森林降温效应的内部因素从单木尺度上主要有树种、树冠结构和树冠形状,从林分尺度上主要有林分类型、林分结构、绿量、林分面积和形状,城区尺度主要应用遥感方法对城市森林降温效应进行研究,主要指标有归一化植被指数、叶面积指数和景观格局指数;影响城市森林降温效应的外部因素有气候、地面类型和经营措施等;内部因素及外部因素通过影响林内外能量的流动和交换,共同影响城市森林降温效应。缓解城市热岛效应,一方面要加强理论研究,重视温度场理论,结合地面观测与遥感解译,充分研究林分结构与城市森林能量传输的关系,另一方面需加强城市森林的经营管理,从促进热量交换的角度优化林分结构,合理布局城市建筑、森林和水体等基础设施,实现降温效应最大化。     

红外复合加热型连续式智能串烤机设计与试验

基于Android平台与ATMEGA328P嵌入式系统开发,结合温控模型及传热分析等多种技术优化研制连续型自动串烤工艺系统及设备。结合中红外与电热管复合加热及同步链输送系统,设计出能适应不同直径的自旋转插拔式串签夹持机构实现物料连续化烤制,建立烤制过程基于热量平衡原理的温度控制模型,结合自适应粒子群算法(PSO)优化神经网络PID算法实现设定参数恒温控制,利用红外热成像技术对不同功率红外烤制肉制品的传热特性、辐射穿透深度、中心截面温度分布进行分析,开发完成了Atmega328P单片机逻辑运算控制系统及Android端触屏控制界面,并对该样机工艺系统肉制品连续烤制效果进行分析。系统试验结果表明:同步链输送系统与自旋机构结合实现连续化烤制过程,自旋转插拔式串签夹持器可适应直径2～6 mm范围串签,机构夹持力应不低于0.265 N,设备运行速度1 m/min时串签旋转速度5.3 r/min,恒温控制采用PSO优化神经网络PID模型得P=0.218 1,I=0.63,D=-0.151 9,烤制温度设定为160℃时上下偏差分别为2.4与2.7℃,最大波动范围5.1℃;不同功率红外管烤制物料表面温度达到100℃左右时,2 000 W中波红外管烤制效果较好,物料辐射传热穿透层深约2 mm,内部则以热传导为主,内外温差约25℃;ATMEGA328P嵌入式控制系统动作准确,Android触屏控制界面操作响应灵敏;物料烤制时间最短为6 min,生产能力为1 200串/h,为工业连续化串烤生产提供技术参考。     

杭州市城区热岛效应与景观格局的动态研究

以杭州市城区为研究对象,以1992年、2004年Landsat-5,2015年Landsat-8卫星遥感数据为信息源,利用单窗算法反演三期城区地表温度,通过提取土地利用类型信息来计算景观格局指数,结合多元回归线性模型分析了杭州市城区景观格局对地表温度的影响。结果表明:(1)在研究时间段内,杭州市城区存在着明显的热岛效应,高温区域不断扩张、分散;(2)多元线性回归模型可以很好地刻画景观格局与地表温度之间的定量关系,景观格局指数PLAND,ED,LSI和AI与地表温度的相关性最高,分别达0.753,0.771,0.779,0.772,景观的面积指标、形状指标、边缘指标和聚合指标等共同影响着杭州市城区热岛效应的强度;(3)在城市化建设进程中,应通过增加绿地景观的面积,合理选择植物物种,形成集中成片的绿地,从而对城镇用地进行分割,提高现有绿地景观的立体化程度,建设较为复杂的绿地生态网络系统等方式,来缓解和改善热岛效应,达到改善人居环境的目的。     

Faster residue decomposition of brittle stem rice mutant due to finer breakage during threshing

In intensive tropical rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropping systems with short fallows, it would be advantageous that rice straw decompose fast enough to facilitate land preparation and planting of the subsequent crop. The straw of a brittle stem rice mutant of IR68 was tested for more rapid decomposition compared with non-brittle IR68 straw. The hypothesis was that the brittle mutant straw would break into smaller pieces during threshing, and that both the smaller piece size and the differences in biochemical straw composition would enable more rapid decomposition. Brittle straw broke into smaller pieces than non-brittle straw during a replicated trial of three threshing methods: hand threshing, pedal threshing, and axial-flow machine threshing. In a litter bag study to determine the effect of straw piece size on decomposition rate of each straw type over 10 weeks, smaller straw pieces decomposed faster than larger pieces as indicated by changes in amount of straw and its C/N ratio over time (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between straw types at the same size. It was concluded that the finer breakage of brittle straw during field operations is likely to be more important than the biochemical differences in overall residue decomposition rate.     

Spatial variability in soil heat flux at three Inner Mongolia steppe ecosystems

Closing the energy budget at flux measurement sites is problematic, even when the fetch extends over flat, homogeneous surfaces with low vegetation cover. We used the residual energy balance and ordinary least square (OLS) linear regression methods to quantify spatial variability in soil heat flux contributing to energy balance closure (EBC), by deploying a mobile energy system within the footprints of three Eddy-covariance towers located in the steppe of Inner Mongolia, China. The EBC at the study sites had a daily average residual of 8–19 W m⁻² with OLS slopes of 0.83–0.96. The EBC was better achieved at the wet site than at the dry site. The spatial variability in soil heat flux was 48 W m⁻² (13% of R_n) during the day and 15 W m⁻² (34%) at night, with an average of 29 W m⁻² (24%) across the three sites. A 9% OLS slope difference due to this variability was recorded from our eight plot measurements. A large amount of missing energy (110 W m⁻² at peak) could occur with decreasing OLS slope of 23% across the three grassland sites when soil heat flux is not taken into account. In particular, heat storage in the top soil layer not only influenced the magnitude of EBC, but also adjusted soil heat flux to match the ‘truth schedule’. Heat storage in the top soil layer comprised half of the soil heat flux when the heat flux plate was deployed at a depth of 30 mm. If this part of heat storage was neglected, the residual of EBC would increase as large as 60 W m⁻² with OLS slope decreasing 9%. Comparing them with the multiple-location soil heat flux measurements, the single-location measurements from near the Eddy-covariance towers obtained a slightly better EBC with the OLS slope increasing by 4%.     

Evolution of soil chemical properties in the past 50 years in the Tai Lake Region, China

The Tai Lake Region (TLR) is traditionally an ecologically sustainable agricultural area due to the intensive application of traditional organic fertilizer. However in the past 50 years, agricultural management practices such as fertilizer usage and cropping systems changed this situation. In order to investigate how these changes affected soil chemical properties and ultimately the sustainability of agriculture production, a case study was conducted in Taicang County in the TLR. It was found that soil organic carbon (SOC) content significantly decreased from 22.8 g kg⁻¹ in 1959 to 12.9 g kg⁻¹ in 1981 while soil total nitrogen (TN) increased significantly from 1.2 g kg⁻¹ in 1959 to 1.6 g kg⁻¹ in 1981 due to the application of mineral fertilizer especially N fertilizer nearly entirely replacing of traditional organic fertilizer, and then both slightly increased to 14.0 g kg⁻¹ and 1.7 g kg⁻¹, respectively in 2004. Soil total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), and available K (AK) contents showed little changes from 1981 to 2004 but soil available P (AP) content increased significantly from 7 mg kg⁻¹ in 1981 to 26 mg kg⁻¹ in 2004. The changes of soil properties from 1959 to 1981 were attributed to the changes of fertilizer usage and the changes of soil properties from 1981 to 2004 were attributed to the changes of cropping systems and fertilizer application, particularly vegetable production which resulted in the significant changes of fertilizer usage.     

Earthworm populations in septic system filter fields and potential effects on wastewater renovation

Wastewater renovation in septic-system filter fields can be affected by preferential flow through soil macropores. Anecic earthworm species make deep vertical burrows that may reduce renovation by acting as preferential flow paths that decrease effluent contact with the soil matrix. On the other hand, endogeic earthworms make largely horizontal burrows that may enhance wastewater renovation by distributing the effluent over a larger area. Additionally, the moist, nutrient-rich environment in filter fields may increase earthworm populations by enhancing their survival. Therefore, our objectives were to determine earthworm numbers and biomass with distance from soil treatment trenches, and identify species present to estimate potential effects on wastewater renovation. Five septic systems were investigated. At each site, earthworm populations were measured using formalin extraction at 10 locations along each of three 7-m long transects perpendicular to the trenches. There were an average of 6.4 times more earthworms and 5.4 times more earthworm biomass within 1 m of the trench than in the background (3.5–7.0 m from the trenches) in 13 of the 15 transects. This suggests that earthworms may have a significant effect on the movement of effluent. Because only epigeic and endogeic species were observed, the potential for reduced renovation and groundwater contamination at these sites is likely low. This may not be the case in areas with large numbers of anecic earthworms.