采伐联合机液压驱动控制系统研究

介绍了采伐联合机的基本结构和工作原理,建立了液压驱动控制系统数学模型,为进一步研究机械手的驱动控制系统奠定了基础.     

基于最优轮伐期模型的超限额采伐现象及其约束机制分析

文中将最优轮伐期模型应用于对超限额采伐现象的研究,认为由于国有森工企业的利润大多来自于木材销售收入,而企业领导的任期是有限的,他们只关心自己任期内的业绩,导致企业经营的目标实际上是短期木材收益的最大化,而不是我们所期待的可持续木材与生态综合收益最大化,甚至也不是私人拥有森林时所追求的长期木材收益的最大化。他们会设法突破政府设定的采伐限额,增加采伐量,造成森林资源加速衰退的不良后果,不仅生态功能迅速萎缩,木材产量也无法长期维持下去。同样的情形在国有林场短期租赁给私人经营时也极易发生。为尽量杜绝这种现象,有必要通过建立有效的监督和惩罚机制使超采所带来的额外收益小于被发现时上缴罚款的数学期望值,以此从根本上遏制住企业超限额采伐的动机。     

黄土高原适于造林的雨水收集系统设计方法

根据黄土高原地区降水缺乏的自然条件 ,该文提出了 30 0mm到 6 0 0mm地区用于造林的集水设计与施工方法 .这种集水系统由不同形式、大小的种植区与产流区组成的微型集水区形成 ,其设计依据主要是降雨、产流区的径流系数、来自树木和土壤的蒸散、土壤水分亏缺及降水资源环境容量等等 .经过YJG(有机硅化学处理 )处理的产流区、拍光压实产流区和自然坡面的径流系数分别为 0 8 0 89,0 2 3 0 36 ,0 0 8 0 10 根据彭曼法计算的土壤水分亏缺量在 5 0mm到 30 0mm之间 .在降雨量为 4 0 0mm的地区经过YJG处理之后用材林每株林木的产流面积为 3 4m2 ,经济树种为 8 10m2 ;经过压光拍实处理之后用材林每株林木的产流面积为 6 8m2 ,经济树种为 10 12m2 ;自然坡面对于用材林每株林木的产流区面积为 8 10m2 ,经济树种为 12 15m2 采用这种系统经过YJG处理产流区、拍光压实产流区和保持自然坡面的微型集水区中树木的蒸腾量分别是总集水量的 4 7 6 5 % 5 3 31% ,2 4 10 % 36 93%和 18 6 5 % 2 9 5 5 % .这种大面积应用于黄土高原地区的系统被称为径流林业 .     

Understory plant communities of boreal mixedwood forests in western Canada: Natural patterns and response to variable-retention harvesting

We examined patterns of variation in richness, diversity, and composition of understory vascular plant communities in mixedwood boreal forests of varying composition (broadleaf, mixedwood, conifer) in Alberta, Canada, before and for 2 years following variable-retention harvesting (clearcut, 20 and 75% dispersed green tree retention, control). Broadleaf-dominated forests differed from mixedwood or conifer-dominated forests in that they had greater canopy cover, litter depth, soil nitrogen, warmer soils, as well as greater shrub cover, herb and shrub richness and diversity (plot scale). In contrast, conifer, and to a lesser extent mixedwood, forest had greater β diversity than broadleaf forest. Overall, mixedwood and conifer forests were similar to one another, both differed from broadleaf forest. Several species were found to be significant indicators of broadleaf forest but most of these also occurred in the other forest types. Understory composition was related to canopy composition and edaphic conditions. Variable-retention harvesting had little effect on understory cover, richness, or diversity but resulted in reduced richness and β diversity at a larger scale. The clearcut and 20% treatments affected composition in all forest types. Early successional species and those common in disturbed sites were indicators of harvesting while evergreen, shade-tolerant understory herbs were indicators of the control forest and 75% retention harvest. We conclude that it is important to maintain a range of variation in canopy composition of mixedwood forests in order to conserve the associated understory communities. The presence of conifers in these forests has a particularly important influence on understory communities. The threshold for a lifeboat effect of variable-retention harvesting is between 20 and 75% retention. Examination of richness and β diversity at a variety of scales can provide interesting information on effects of harvesting on spatial reorganization and homogenization of understory plant communities.     

森林生态采伐与森林生物多样性保护

本文论述了森林生态采伐对森林生物多样性保护的重要性和必要性。森林生态采伐有利于森林生态系统的平衡；有利于保护森林生物的多样性；有利于森林生态资源的可持续发展。     

江西省实施林木采伐分区施策分类管理的思考

实施森林分类经营、分类管理的改革,对缓解当前人口、资源、环境的矛盾有着十分重要的现实意义。森林分类是基础,经营是手段,提高森林的总量和综合效益是目的。通过调整采伐政策,分区实施,以实现对森林的有效经营管理,达到扩大森林总量、提高森林质量的目的。     

Nontimber forest products and biodiversity management in the Pacific Northwest

Nontimber forest product harvesting in the Pacific Northwest is neither a new activity nor a disappearing relic of the pre-industrial era. Though the emphasis may have shifted from subsistence to commercial and recreational pursuits, harvesting and harvesters of wild species are still widespread throughout the region. Hundreds of businesses and thousands of harvesters earn part or all of their income from the harvests. Every year thousands of pounds and hundreds of nontimber forest products valued in the hundreds of millions of dollars are harvested from regional public and private forests. This harvesting of a large diversity of species represents a considerable subset of the overall terrestrial biodiversity in Pacific Northwest forests. Despite widespread extraction, little investment in research, planning, or basic inventorying and monitoring has been done on nontimber forest products. Without better information, land managers will be increasingly unable to make informed decisions on how to manage nontimber forest product biodiversity sustainably as demand for products increases.     

高酸苹果振动式采摘机设计与试验

为解决高酸苹果收获过程中的效率低、果实摘净率低、损伤率高等问题,根据我国青岛地区高酸苹果实际收获需要,设计了一种液压控制的高酸苹果振动式采摘机。基于振动式采摘机工作原理,完成振动采摘装置、激振装置、液压控制系统的结构设计,计算分析夹持钳对树干的夹持力为7 254 N,夹持钳夹持高度范围为12～103 cm。建立高酸苹果果实-树枝单摆动力学模型,分析果实脱落条件,得到果实振动微分方程,确定振动频率、振幅、夹持高度为采摘效果主要影响因素;利用ANSYS软件对果树模型进行自由模态响应与谐响应仿真分析,结果表明：振动频率9～12 Hz、振幅1～2 cm、夹持高度40～70 cm时,三级、最次级树枝位移最明显。为确定采摘机最优工作参数,进行三因素三水平组合田间试验,得到果实摘净率、果实损伤率的回归模型,利用Design-Expert软件对试验数据和回归模型响应曲面进行分析优化,当振动频率为10.0 Hz、振幅为1.6 cm、夹持高度为58.7 cm时,果实摘净率为95.9%、果实损伤率为1.3%,满足高酸苹果采收的质量要求。     

皖南茶叶生长季气候资源变化特征及其影响分析

【目的】通过分析气候变暖背景下皖南地区茶叶生长气候资源变化特征,为皖南地区茶叶生产合理利用气候资源、应对气候变化提供科学依据。【方法】利用安徽省皖南山区19个气象观测站1971—2019年的逐日平均气温、日照时数、降水量、相对湿度等资料,分析气候变暖背景下皖南山区茶叶生长热量、光照、降水等气候资源及开采期变化特征。【结果】近50年安徽省皖南山区茶叶生长热量资源呈极显著增加,其中年平均气温、≥10 ℃活动积温和适宜生长日数增幅分别为0.29 ℃/10年、111.7 ℃/10年和2.7 d/10年;光照资源极显著减少,年均日照时数降幅为57.5 h/10年;降水资源变化不一,其中降水量呈增加趋势、增幅为13.7 mm/10年,相对湿度极显著降低,降幅为0.5%/10年。【结论】气候变暖造成皖南山区早生种和中晚生种茶叶开采期极显著提前,提前幅度分别为4.2、3.6 d/10年,气候变暖带来的气温和降水的变化对皖南山区茶叶产量影响较大。     

不同玉米品种籽粒耐破碎性差异及影响因素

为明确不同玉米品种机械收获时籽粒的耐破碎性差异和影响籽粒耐破碎性的因素,以13个玉米品种为材料,设置不同收获时间,对不同玉米品种籽粒的破碎率、含水率和硬度等指标的动态变化特征进行研究,分析籽粒破碎率与含水率和硬度的关系,采用积分法评价不同玉米品种籽粒的耐破碎性。结果表明:随收获时间的推迟,籽粒破碎率先快速降低后稍有升高,籽粒含水率逐渐降低,籽粒硬度逐渐增大,且玉米品种间差异显著。破碎率与籽粒含水率符合二次曲线关系,当籽粒含水率为19.70%时破碎率最低;破碎率与籽粒硬度极显著负相关,其中胚乳穿刺强度与破碎率的相关性最高,当籽粒胚乳穿刺强度为88.35 N时破碎率最低;籽粒硬度与含水率呈极显著的负相关关系。降低籽粒含水率进而提高其硬度是增强玉米籽粒的耐破碎能力和降低籽粒破碎率的关键。不同玉米品种籽粒的硬度和耐破碎能力存在显著差异,在含水率相近的条件下,耐破碎能力强的玉米品种均具有较高的籽粒硬度。籽粒硬度指标中的胚乳穿刺强度可作为鉴选宜机械粒收玉米品种的重要指标;参试的所有硬粒型玉米品种、半马齿型‘仲玉3号’、半硬粒型 ‘辽禾308’、‘先玉1171’和马齿型‘正红6号’的籽粒耐破碎能力强,可作为适宜机械粒收的品种。