Potential,constraints and applications of in vitro methods in improving grain legumes

Grain legumes, the important constituents of sustainability‐based cropping systems and energy‐limited vegetarian diets have long been the subject of scientific research. Tremendous technological strides were made in the so‐called orphan crops, in terms of both varietal improvement and generation of basic information. Despite recalcitrancy and high genotype dependency, in vitro culture techniques such as organogenesis, in vitro mutagenesis, embryo rescue and in vitro gene transfer have been deployed for improvement of several grain legumes and these played an important role in introgression of desirable genes from related and distant species and creation of additional genetic variability. Stable and reproducible regeneration protocols resulted in the development of genetically modified chickpea, pigeon pea, cowpea, mungbean, etc., while embryo rescue was deployed successfully for recovery of interspecific recombinants, a few of them exploited for the development of commercial cultivars. Nevertheless, doubled haploidy witnessed limited success and protoplast regeneration and in vitro mutagenesis remained of academic interest. The present review focuses on the progress, achievements, constraints and perspectives of using in vitro technology in grain legume improvement.     

黄瓜染色体加倍研究

进行了黄瓜单(双单)倍体染色体加倍试验。结果表明,单倍体加倍频率较低,为4.1%,有待于进一步研究;双单倍体诱导纯合四倍体得到了较理想的结果,加倍频率达16.9%。     

甘蓝类蔬菜游离小孢子培养研究进展

近年来,单倍体育种逐步得到发展,游离小孢子培养是产生单倍体的较好途径,本文综述广为种植的甘蓝类蔬菜游离小孢培养概况。材料的选取,小孢子的分离、培养以及提高产胚率等培养技术,并结合实际工作,分析了甘蓝类蔬菜小孢子培养的优势、潜力和当前存在的问题。     

A data transfer method for improving seed identification of maize (Zea mays) haploid breeding based on genetic similarity

Maize haploid breeding technology is able to identify haploid seeds non‐destructively, rapidly and at low cost with the help of Near‐infrared (NIR) spectral analysis. However, due to the hybridization of numerous parents and the low production rate of haploid, the haploid data collection becomes a burden for engineering this technology. Biologically, there are considerable similarities between the progeny of the same female parent and different male parents. Based on this advantage, similar spectral data can be transferred when the NIR technology is employed. A revised method of Transfer adaptive boost (TrAdaBoost) is proposed to improve identifying for the backpropagation neural network (BPNN) classifier. To avoid the negative transfer, a screening thresh is used to select out similar data, and the amount of these data are limited to join current training. The results show that the identification performances are improved significantly when the data amount is small. This method shows a high ability to make the seed identification more convenient for engineering maize haploid breeding.     

玉米花粉诱导不同基因型小麦单倍体得胚率的比较及幼胚离体培养方法对成苗率的影响

选用六倍体普通小麦JYP97系列、常规材料小披白粒,9312(Z)、贵农、恒丰1号和四倍体硬粒小麦、雄性不育系HB系列(12号、11号、13号、26号)等不同倍性或不同基因型的小麦与玉米加-1、超-1、加-6、综-1、701,703等杂交,采用1/2MS培养基,剥取胚龄为14 d、大小为0.4~1.0 mm的小麦杂种幼胚,接种于培养基上,放置24~25℃黑暗条件下2~3周,置于温度为(26±1)℃、光照为1800~2 000 lx的条件下进行幼胚离体培养。结果表明:玉米花粉诱导六倍体普通小麦得胚率为5.4%,明显高于四倍体,玉米花粉诱导雄性不育系的得胚率为3.2%,高于常规材料。混合玉米花粉诱导小麦单倍体得胚率4.6%,高于单一玉米花粉。采用未加任何激素的1/2MS培养基,选取14 d胚龄0.4~1.0 mm的幼胚离体培养,成苗率为81%,显著高于前人所采用的其它培养基进行幼胚离体培养的成苗率。     

2,4-D首次处理时期对小麦×玉米诱导小麦单倍体效率的影响

研究2,4-D首次处理时期对小麦×玉米诱导小麦单倍体效率的影响,将2个小麦基因型与1个玉米基因型进行远缘杂交,远缘杂交后,在2,4-D首次处理的时期上采用了4种不同的处理。结果表明,T1处理(授粉后1 h首次进行2,4-D穗下节注射子房滴注)的诱导效率明显优于其它处理,其单倍体植株获得率和获得效率分别为37.50%和3.33%。     

基于双单倍体牙鲆挖掘与生长性状连锁的微卫星标记

利用中国水产科学研究院北戴河中心实验站2007年制备的双单倍体牙鲆为材料,根据生长性状表型值分成快速生长组(Fast growth group,FGG)和慢速生长组(Slow growth group,SGG),进行微卫星标记与生长性状的连锁分析.从牙鲆遗传连锁图谱选择40个高多态性的微卫星标记,覆盖了24个连锁群中的...     

玉米单倍体育种研究技术的探讨

玉米单倍体育种技术能显著加快育种进程,它是生物技术与常规育种方法结合产生的一条新的育种途径.文章就玉米单倍体育种技术研究进展及在玉米育种中的应用进行了综述,包括玉米单倍体育种技术中获得单倍体的方法,鉴别方法及二倍体加倍方法等关键步骤,并就国内玉米单倍体育种现状进行了分析、探讨和展望.     

小麦籽粒淀粉积累动态的条件和非条件QTL定位

 【目的】阐明影响小麦籽粒淀粉基因/QTL的时空表达和动态变化情况,为运用条件QTL更好地揭示小麦籽粒淀粉动态积累的基因表达提供参考。【方法】本研究以小麦品种花培3号和豫麦57构建的168个双单倍体（doubled haploid, DH）群体为材料,在6个不同的环境下种植,分别在花后12 d、17 d、22 d、27 d和32 d取样,对小麦籽粒淀粉含量（GSC）积累的条件和非条件QTL进行分析。【结果】在籽粒灌浆的5个时期,一共检测到7个非条件QTL和4个条件QTL,没有一个条件QTL能在测定的5个时期都有效应。7个非条件QTL分别分布在2A、3A、3B、4A、5D染色体上,其中QGsc4A在整个灌浆过程都能表达,5个时期的表型变异贡献率分别为13.57%、16.57%、21.96%、22.53%、22.90%。4个条件QTL中,QGsc4A在花后12 d、17 d、32 d均能检测到,总贡献率为21.80%,对籽粒淀粉积累的净增长量起主要作用。其它非条件QTL和条件QTL只在一个或几个阶段出现且效应值较小,花后27 d没有检测到条件QTL。【结论】控制GSC积累的数量性状基因以一定的时空方式表达,小麦籽粒淀粉积累的QTL动态分析,可以了解小麦籽粒淀粉积累的遗传规律及其对小麦籽粒发育的影响,为小麦产量和品质形成的分子基础的深入研究提供参考。     

油菜小孢子培养技术及其在遗传育种中的应用研究概况

小孢子培养作为一种辅助育种手段越来越受到育种家的重视,并应用于各个领域。由于影响小孢子成胚和成苗的因素较多,低诱导频率及成苗率严重限制了该技术在育种中的应用。为了全面了解小孢子胚状体发生能力及影响再生体系的各项因素,掌握该技术的研究动态和发展方向,本文总结了近年来国内外影响小孢子培养的主要因素：供体植株基因型、供体植株生长条件及生理状态、小孢子发育时期、培养基组成、培养条件,以及在双单倍体育种、诱变育种、转基因育种等领域中的应用。