不同土壤环境因素对微塑料吸附四环素的影响

为探究不同土壤环境因素对于微塑料吸附抗生素的影响,选用三种常见的微塑料:聚乙烯(PE)、聚苯乙烯(PS)和聚酰胺(PA),以四环素(TC)代表抗生素,通过批平衡试验来研究微塑料对TC的吸附行为和机理。研究发现,3种微塑料对TC的等温吸附方程均可用Langmuir方程进行拟合,其吸附能力为PEPSPA,最大吸附量分别为0.154、0.086、0.075 mg·g~(-1)。在中性条件下PE对TC的吸附量达到最大,pH对PA吸附TC影响较小,而PS在酸性条件下对TC的吸附量最大,且随着pH增加吸附量逐渐降低。不同浓度的Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)会影响微塑料对TC的吸附,且随着浓度的增加,吸附量逐渐降低。富里酸的存在抑制了TC在PE上的吸附,但低浓度的富里酸(1 mg·L~(-1))会促进PA和PS吸附TC。结果表明,不同微塑料对TC的吸附存在显著差异,且不同土壤环境因素明显影响了微塑料对TC的吸附行为,该结果为进一步研究和评估微塑料在土壤环境中的吸附行为奠定了基础。     

灌溉施用废水和蚯蚓类肥料对土壤生物化学以及农学特性的影响

To study how wastewater（WW） and different organic sources（humic substances or vermicompost） affected soil chemical and biochemical fertility and agronomic productivity in field-grown melon, an experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted with the following treatments： three different mixtures of irrigation water（100% WW, 50% WW with 50% groundwater, and 100% groundwater） and, for each WW treatment, four different organic fertilization treatments of control without organic matter application（CK）, vermicompost used as surface mulch（SM）, vermicompost incorporated into the soil（VC）,and humic substances extracted by vermicompost（HS）. Chemical and biochemical results indicated an improvement in soil fertility,suggested by the increase in soil organic carbon and nutrient（nitrate and macro- and microelements） contents and in soil microbial activities（hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes）, in particular in the VC treatments. In addition, even soil potential metabolism was stimulated by WW combined with organic treatments, as highlighted by the increase in the metabolic（dehydrogenase activity/watersoluble carbon） and nitrification indices（NO-3and NH＋4）. Melon productivity confirmed these results, with the highest yield and melon quality in the VC treatments irrigated with 100% WW. In conclusion, the combined use of WW and organic amendment,recovering both mineral and organic nutrients from these kinds of recycled materials, was effective in the improvement of soil quality and crop productivity.     

二氧化碳升高与干旱对植物生理、土壤碳及土壤酶活的影响

Global climate models have indicated high probability of drought occurrences in the coming future decades due to the impacts of climate change caused by a mass release of CO2.Thus,climate change regarding elevated ambient CO2 and drought may consequently affect the growth of crops.In this study,plant physiology,soil carbon,and soil enzyme activities were measured to investigate the impacts of elevated CO2 and drought stress on a Stagnic Anthrosol planted with soybean (Glycine max).Treatments of two CO2 levels,three soil moisture levels,and two soil cover types were established.The results indicated that elevated CO2 and drought stress significantly affected plant physiology.The inhibition of plant physiology by drought stress was mediated via prompted photosynthesis and water use efficiency under elevated CO2 conditions.Elevated CO2 resulted in a longer retention time of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil,probably by improving the soil water effectiveness for organic decomposition and mineralization.Drought stress significantly decreased C:N ratio and microbial biomass carbon (MBC),but the interactive effects of drought stress and CO2 on them were not significant.Elevated CO2 induced an increase in invertase and catalase activities through stimulated plant root exudation.These results suggested that drought stress had significant negative impacts on plant physiology,soil carbon,and soil enzyme activities,whereas elevated CO2 and plant physiological feedbacks indirectly ameliorated these impacts.     

区域农田土壤质地剖面的随机模拟模型

冲积土壤剖面的质地层次分层是该类土壤的重要特性,对农田水分转化和溶质运移具有重要影响。本文论据已取得的研究结果,采用Ｍａｒｋｏｖ链理论提出了区域冲积土壤质地层次的随机模拟模型－ＭＣ模型和ＭＣ－ＬＮ模型,采用蒙特卡罗方法模拟了研究区的土壤质地剖面,并与实测结果进行了对比。     

Study on Mechanism of the Reinforcing Effect of Geogrid in Soil Dam

An experimental study on consolidation and drainage of two gravels with different grading was carried out using high - pressure large - scale tri - axial testing facility. A concept of equivalent surrounding pressure is introduced. An analysis was carried out on the effect and mechanism of reinforcement, experimental surrounding pressure and soil properties. Results show that the reinforcement can improve the strength and failure strain of the material and delay the failure of the soil. The effect of reinforcement of soil - gravel depends on the surrounding pressure and weathering of the gravel.     

ERT与TDR联合反演层状土壤水分运动过程

土壤水是地表水与地下水联系的纽带,是物质输送和运移的载体,在土壤-植物-大气（SPAC）系统中起着关键性的作用。土壤水分运动是一个非常复杂的过程,为充分了解水分在土壤中的运动过程,应用微扰动的高密度电阻率仪（ERT）监测了一层状结构的土壤剖面在注水入渗试验前、后不同时刻的电阻率的变化过程;同时,用时域反射仪（TDR）测量了点尺度上土壤体积含水量,建立了土壤电阻率和含水量的定量关系。结果表明,高密度电阻率法能够较为准确地监测土壤水分入渗深度和剖面含水量,土壤水分运动以向下的垂向运动为主并伴有微弱的水平流动;当土壤含水量低于0.15 cm³·cm^-3时,随着含水量的增大,电阻率变化较大;当土壤含水量较高时,电阻率随含水量的变化不明显;根据建立的电阻率和含水量的定量关系公式,估算出在土壤界面处当上层土壤质量含水量达到0.136 g·g^-1时水分开始向下层入渗,相关研究成果为定量分析土壤水在分层界面处的变化情况提供了一种新的方法。     

施用绿肥条件下减施化肥对土壤养分及持水供水能力的影响

以长期定位试验为基础,设置7个紫云英和化肥施用配比试验处理,以探索施用绿肥情况下减施化肥对土壤养分、持水和供水能力的影响。结果表明:在翻压紫云英条件下,即使不施化肥土壤氮也可基本得到满足,应适量施用化学钾肥,必须合理施用磷肥,以保证土壤全量和速效养分得到平衡和持续供给,化肥施用量减少未显著降低水稻产量;土壤持水、供水能力在处理间的趋势表现为:紫云英+40%化肥紫云英+60%化肥紫云英+80%化肥、紫云英+100%化肥单施100%化肥、单施紫云英CK,与CK相比,其它6个处理田间持水量提高了1.6%~15.4%,有效含水量增幅更大,平均提高1.5%~30.5%,说明紫云英化肥配施能显著提高土壤的持水、供水能力,且化肥施用量越少效果越好,而单施化肥或单施紫云英效果有限。因此,紫云英施用量一定时(22 500 kg/hm~2),化肥施用量应减少至40%甚至更低。     

淤地坝系试点示范建设浅见

通过回顾水土保持淤地坝建设的发展历程，阐述了做好淤地坝建设试点示范的重要意义，揭示了试点示范工作对淤地坝建设的推动作用。围绕淤地坝可研、设计、建设管理和运行管护4个阶段，分析了当前淤地坝试点工程建设应注意的问题，以及开展以支流为单位淤地坝系建设对淤地坝长远发展和水土保持治黄事业的优越性，指出了实施好支流坝系试点示范工程应抓住的关键环节，旨在为广大从事淤地坝建设的同仁们提供参考。     

榆林沙漠休闲旅游开发初探

沙漠是一种特殊的旅游资源,沙漠旅游正成为一种新兴的旅游方式。积极开发榆林沙漠旅游资源,有利于全面推进榆林旅游经济的可持续发展。本文在分析榆林沙漠旅游资源现状的基础上,对榆林沙漠休闲旅游的可持续发展思路与对策进行了初步探讨。     

人参根际土壤微生物PCR-DGGE反应体系优化

[目的]优选人参根际土壤微生物的PCR-DGGE反应体系。[方法]以种植1年的人参土壤为材料,利用PCR-DGGE技术,对反应体系中的几种重要参数不同梯度进行了优化研究,包括模板、dNTPs、引物及Mg2+的用量。[结果]最适宜的反应体系为:模板DNA浓度为0.8μg/μl,dNTPs浓度为0.2 mmol/L,引物浓度为0.4μmol/L,Mg2+浓度为1.5 mmol/L。[结论]该方法简便快捷,为进一步研究人参根际土壤微生物多样性奠定了基础。