In vitro ruminal fermentation parameters and methane production of Marandu palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha) in a silvopastoral system associated with levels of protein supplementation

The addition of protein supplementation in a silvopastoral system can contribute to improved forage intake and digestibility. Our objective was to evaluate in vitro ruminal parameters, digestibility and gas production of Marandu palisadegrass [Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D. Webster] in a silvopastoral system and compare this to parameters obtained from diets with protein supplementation. Forage was sampled during the growing season (November to April) in 2016/17 and 2017/18. In vitro incubation treatments consisted of four levels of protein supplement (20% of crude protein; CP) in the diet (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 g/kg of body weight). The neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and indigestible neutral detergent fibre concentrations were highest in the first year. In the second year, CP concentration was 21% greater than in the first year. There was a linear increase for digestion rate, a quadratic effect for lag time and a linear decrease for average digestion time as supplementation levels were increased. The least lag time and digestion time occurred in the second year. There was no supplementation effect on ruminal pH, acetate and butyrate concentrations. Second-year in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was greater than in the first year. Increases in supplementation levels linearly enhanced IVDMD and reduced methane (CH₄) production. The inclusion of a protein supplement contributed to reduced CH₄ and increased volatile fatty acids production; therefore, we recommended the supplement inclusion of >0.28 g/kg of BW for animals grazing in well-managed palisadegrass pastures.     

Effect of transferring lignocellulose-degrading bacteria from termite to rumen fluid of sheep on in vitro gas production,fermentation parameters,microbial populations and enzyme activity

The digestive tract of termite(Microcerotermes diversus) contains a variety of lignocellulose-degrading bacteria with exocellulases enzyme activity, not found in the rumen, which could potentially improve fiber degradation in the rumen. The objectives of the current study were to determine the effect of inoculation of rumen fluid(RF) with three species of bacteria isolated from termite digestive tract, Bacillus licheniformis, Ochrobactrum intermedium, and Microbacterium paludicola, on in vitro gas production(IVGP), fermentation parameters, nutrient disappearance, microbial populations, and hydrolytic enzyme activities with fibrous wheat straw(WS) and date leaf(DL) as incubation substrate. Inoculation of RF with either of three termite bacteria increased(P0.05) ammonia-N concentration compared with the control group(free of termite gut bacteria). Termite bacteria inoculation had no effect(P0.05) on gas production characteristics, dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fiber disappearance, pH, and concentration and composition of volatile fatty acids. Population of proteolytic bacteria and protozoa, but not cellulolytic bacteria, were increased(P0.05) when RF was inoculated with termite bacteria with both WS and DL substrates. Inoculation of RF with termite bacteria increased protease activity, while activities of carboxymethyl-cellulase, microcrystalline-cellulase, α-amylase and filter paper degrading activity remained unchanged(P0.05). Overall, the results of this study indicated that transferring lignocellulose-degrading bacteria, isolated from digestive tract of termite, to rumen liquid increased protozoa and proteolytic bacteria population and consequently increased protease activity and ammonia-N concentration in vitro, however, no effect on fermentation and fiber degradation parameters were detected. These results suggest that the termite bacteria might be rapidly lysed by the rumen microbes before beneficial effects on the rumen fermentation process could occur.     

我国典型茶区化学氮肥施用与生产运输过程的温室气体排放量估算

基于相关统计数据和文献调研方法,估算了我国14个典型茶区中化学氮肥施用、生产及运输过程中的温室气体排放量。结果表明,化学氮肥施用导致的土壤N₂O直接排放和生产过程中的温室气体排放是茶园化学氮肥消费带来的温室气体主要排放源;14个典型茶区消费的化学氮肥产生的温室气体排放量(以CO₂排放当量计算)为16.81~344.80万t·a^-1,其中贵州、云南、湖北和四川4省的茶园消费的化学氮肥带来的温室气体排放量较高,均超过200万t·a^-1,占全部区域温室气体排放量的59.98%;单位面积温室气体排放量为3.22~9.76 t·hm^-2·a^-1,单位产量温室气体排放量为2.10~12.96 t·t^-1·a^-1、单位产值温室气体排放量0.39~1.90 t·万元^-1·a^-1;总体而言,贵州、云南、湖北、湖南和四川5省的茶园消费的化学氮肥带来的温室气体排放量、单位面积温室气体排放量、单位产量温室气体排放量和单位产值温室气体排放量较高,福建、河南省及重庆市3个茶区相对较低。在茶园化学氮肥施用量控制为300 kg·hm^-2和450 kg·hm^-2两种情景下,茶园生态系统温室气体减排总量为617.07万t·a^-1和228.94万t·a^-1,减排潜力为34.12%和12.66%,减排潜力较大的区域主要有湖北、四川、贵州、湖南和江西等5省。     

河西走廊戈壁温室番茄无土栽培基质筛选

为提高番茄无土栽培质量,以番茄品种"金福莱"为试材,研究了6种不同配比基质对河西走廊温室无土栽培番茄生长的影响。结果表明:采用处理Ⅳ(沙∶玉米秸秆∶食用菌下脚料∶商品基质∶鸡粪=4∶5∶5∶6∶3)的基质配比(体积比),番茄光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间CO_2和气孔导度数值最大,植株保持较强的生长势与结果能力,番茄株高、茎粗、单株结果数、单株产量和折合667 m~2产量等性状均显著优于其他处理,分别为178.60 cm、1.13 cm、16.36个、3.12 kg和7 531.68 kg;其果实的可溶性糖、可滴定酸、可溶性固形物、VC和番茄红素含量最高,分别为4.15%、0.58%、7.30%、302.2 mg/kg和152.4 mg/kg,明显优于其他处理;因此,在河西走廊戈壁温室番茄无土栽培中推荐使用此配比基质。     

菏泽市樱桃番茄日光温室栽培关键技术

为了充分发挥樱桃番茄观赏性强、营养价值高、菜果兼宜且经济效益突出的特点,满足广大消费者和种植户的热切需求,积极开展新品种选育、深入研究高效栽培管理技术具有重要的现实意义。在栽培面积不断增加、产量及品质出现瓶颈的情况下,对菏泽市多个樱桃番茄大棚种植园进行了实地调研,从品种选择、播种、培育壮苗、定植、田间管理、病虫害防治、果实采收等方面归纳总结出了菏泽市樱桃番茄日光温室栽培关键技术,以期为当地种植户实现促产增收提供依据。     

减氮控水对日光温室番茄-小型西瓜产量、品质及氮素利用的影响

研究日光温室滴灌施肥条件下,不同水肥组合对作物产量、品质和氮素利用的影响,综合评价优化水肥和常规水肥管理的调控效应。田间试验设置4个水氮处理,包括不施氮+常规灌溉(N_0+FI)、常规施氮+常规灌溉(FT+FI)、优化施氮+常规灌溉(OPT+FI)、优化施氮+优化灌溉(OPT+OI)。测定不同处理下秋冬茬番茄-春茬小型西瓜的产量、品质以及根、茎、叶、果实氮素吸收量。结果表明:优化水氮处理(OPT+OI)番茄产量和果实可溶性糖、可滴定酸和Vc含量与农户常规水氮处理(FT+FI)无显著差异,但番茄果实的硝酸盐含量降低了66.3%(P0.05);灌溉量相同时,减氮40%处理(OPT+FI)的小型西瓜产量相比常规施氮处理(FT+FI)提高了13.1%;OPT+OI处理果实的可溶性糖、可滴定酸和Vc含量较对照处理(N_0+FI)均显著提高。不同水肥处理下,两季作物氮在各器官的累积量均表现为果实叶茎根。随着番茄的生长,果实和茎的氮素携出量占总携出量的比例分别由62.4%和5.9%增加至67.1%和6.3%,而根和叶中氮素携出量降低,OPT+OI处理果实氮素携出所占比例增量最大,促进了营养器官中的氮素向果实中转运。在当前日光温室栽培条件下,适当优化施氮量和灌溉量既可以保证作物产量和氮素吸收,同时提高果实的品质。     

东北日光温室葡萄园水热通量特征及其对气象因子的响应

运用温室葡萄水热平衡观测资料,分析了东北日光温室葡萄的能量平衡和能量分量日变化、生育期变化以及分配规律,同时也分析了潜热通量（λET）对环境因子的响应。结果表明：水热通量各分量在整个生育期日变化总体上呈现为单峰趋势,净辐射（R_n）的峰值最大为618.75 W·m^-2,λET峰值最大为242.73 W·m^-2,感热通量（H）峰值最大为327.93 W·m^-2;在新梢生长期,白天λET较小,为34.55 W·m^-2,随着生育期推进,λET逐渐增大,在果实着色成熟期达到最大值（78.49 W·m^-2）之后减小;H在各生育期能量中均占了绝大部分;白天潜热通量占净辐射的比例（λET/R_n）在新梢生长期最小,为25.28%,在果实着色成熟期最大,为44.17%;感热通量占净辐射比例（H/R_n）整个生育期几乎都达50%以上,土壤热通量占净辐射比例（G/R_n）相对较小,变化范围为4.46~12.32 W·m^-2;在整个生育期能量比率大小依次为H/R_n>λET/R_n>G/R_n。在不同生育阶段瞬时尺度上,R_n是影响潜热变化最主要的气象因子,R²高达0.88。在日尺度上,各气象因子对潜热通量的影响在逐渐变弱,相对湿度（RH）与λET相关系数仅为0.28。但无论从瞬时尺度还是日尺度,R_n都是影响潜热通量最主要的气象因子。各气象因子对潜热通量的影响大小依次为：R_n>VPD>T_a>RH。     

不同种植方式对大跨度外覆盖大棚番茄群体微环境及植株生长与产量和品质的影响

以番茄品种罗拉为试材,设置5个处理,分别为:CK,定植密度33 300株·hm~(-2),留6穗果;T1,49 500株·hm~(-2),留4穗果;T2,66 000株·hm~(-2),留3穗果;T3,49 500株·hm~(-2),单株留2穗果与留6穗果相间;T4,66 000株·hm~(~(-2)),单株留2穗果与留4穗果相间,研究不同种植密度和留果方式对外保温覆盖大棚内番茄植株生长、产量、品质、群体微环境的影响。结果表明:T2和T1处理生育期平均温度、温度适宜度较高;T1和T3处理摘心前的叶片SPAD值显著高于对照;T1、T2处理的前期产量和总产量均显著高于对照;VC、可滴定酸、可溶性糖、番茄红素等果实品质以T1处理最优。综合产量、品质以及大棚内的温湿度和光照适宜度,T1处理种植风险较小,是外保温覆盖大棚中较为合适的种植方式。     

吐鲁番秋延设施黄瓜病虫害绿色防控技术

为确保吐鲁番生态安全、农产品安全生产和重要农产品的有效供给,对秋延晚设施黄瓜病虫害的绿色防控技术进行探索及总结,主要内容包括农业措施（清洁棚室、高温闷棚、品种选择、合理间作、科学灌溉）、物理措施（防虫网、黄板诱杀）、生物措施（合理利用生物药剂）及化学措施（合理用药）,实现了减少化学防治2～8次,667 m2节约成本240元左右,经济、生态、社会效益显著,助力农户节本增收和当地特色农业提质增效。     

利凉处理对大棚环境、秋番茄生长与结果及其茎基腐病的影响

为验证利凉的应用效果,采用大田试验方法,研究利凉处理下大棚环境、秋番茄生长、结果和茎基腐病的状况。结果表明：在晴天和阴天条件下,利凉处理棚膜均起到降低大棚内的地温、气温和光照强度的作用,同时可提高大棚内的空气相对湿度,为秋番茄生长提供良好的环境条件。与对照大棚相比,利凉处理大棚提高了秋番茄植株的生长速率,可使秋番茄第一花序坐果率提高18.51%,第一层果实产量提高82.66%,同时可降低大棚秋番茄茎基腐病的发病率达15.28%。综上,利凉可以在大棚秋番茄生产上应用。