臭氧浓度增加对超级稻南粳9108稻穗不同部位籽粒氨基酸含量的影响

为了解臭氧浓度升高对稻米品质的影响,2015年以高产优质超级粳稻南粳9108为供试材料,利用自然光气体熏蒸平台,设置对照(18 n L·L~(-1))和高浓度臭氧(100 n L·L~(-1))处理,研究了臭氧浓度增加对成熟期稻穗不同部位糙米氨基酸性质的影响。结果表明:臭氧浓度增加使稻米氨基酸、必需和非必需氨基酸总量显著增加,但对必需或非必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的百分比无显著影响;从氨基酸组分看,除半胱氨酸外,臭氧浓度增加使糙米中7种必需氨基酸和9种非必需氨基酸的含量均呈增加趋势,其中苏氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、亮氨酸、络氨酸、天冬氨酸和苯丙氨酸的增幅均达显著或极显著水平;总体上,稻穗下部稻米氨基酸及其组分浓度对臭氧浓度增加的响应大于稻穗上、中部,其中臭氧处理与籽粒着生部位对苯丙氨酸、络氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸有明显的互作效应(P0.1)。以上数据表明,100 n L·L~(-1)臭氧浓度使供试超级稻稻米氨基酸及其组分浓度明显增加,且多数情况下弱势粒的增加趋势大于强势粒。     

土壤酸碱度对水稻生长及稻米镉含量的影响

以5个早稻品种、4个晚稻品种为研究材料,通过盆栽试验研究了不同酸碱度土壤水稻生长发育及稻米镉积累规律。结果表明:品种、土壤pH值及二者交互作用对水稻农艺性状及产量的影响均达到显著水平(P0.05),土壤pH值影响最大;单株产量下降的主要原因为每穗实粒数和结实率下降。早稻品种、土壤pH值及二者交互作用对精米镉含量的影响均达到极显著水平(P0.01),土壤pH值的影响最大;精米镉含量在晚稻品种间存在极显著差异(P0.01),并受土壤pH值的影响,但土壤pH值和品种交互作用的影响未达到显著水平(P0.05)。精米镉富集系数在水稻品种类型之间存在显著差异(P0.05),由高到低为超级杂交稻、常规稻、杂交稻,生育类型不存在主效应(P0.05)。精米镉含量与株高、单株产量极显著相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.412、0.371,与穗长、每穗实粒数、千粒重和结实率相关性不显著(P0.05)。在土壤pH值4.0~8.0范围内,精米镉含量与移栽前土壤有效镉含量极显著相关(P0.01),相关系数为0.710。     

软米型高产优质弱感光组合丰田优981 的选育及应用

[目的]培育杂种优势强、营养生长周期稳定、适应性广及米质优的弱感光型杂交稻新组合,实现华南稻区弱感光杂交稻组合的升级换代.[方法]2011年以广西农业科学院水稻研究所最新育成的软米型不育系丰田1A与自选育的广亲和强优势新恢复系桂981配组后,2012~2013年在广西农业科学院水稻研究所高产示范基地进行生产品比试验,2013~2015年推荐参加桂南稻作区晚造感光组区域筛选试验、区域试验和生产试验,考察其综合性状.[结果]丰田优981丰产性好、稳产性强、适应性广、米质优.全生育期112.0 d左右,比对照博优253短5 d左右,穗粒数168粒,结实率88.6%,千粒重25 g,米粒长宽比3.6,直链淀粉含量13.4%.在2012和2013年的广西农业科学院水稻研究所生产品比试验中,丰田优981平均产量为7785.0和7687.5 kg/ha,分别比对照博优253增产9.50%和5.60%;2013年区域筛选试验平均产量为8163.0 kg/ha,比对照博优253增产11.48%;2014和2015年区域试验平均产量为7948.5和7917.0 kg/ha,比对照分别增产9.17%和10.61%;2015年生产试验平均产量为7209.0 kg/ha,比对照增产4.74%;2016年通过广西农作物品种审定委员会审定(桂审稻2016009号).[结论]丰田优981应用前景良好,可在桂南和桂中稻作区适宜种植感光型品种植的地区作晚稻种植.     

基于进化博弈的农户储备粮食行为研究

针对多年来我国农户粮食储备量连续下降的问题,以及农户群体储粮行为常表现出的"共振效应"现象,利用进化博弈分析方法,对农户群体粮食储备行为进行研究。结果表明:1)农户群体的储粮行为存在3个进化稳定策略。2)在预期粮价与粮食产储成本满足一定关系时,农户群体粮食储备行为常表现出趋同性,出现"共振效应"。3)可以通过调整未来预期粮价与改变农户粮食产储成本的方式,影响农户群体的粮食储备策略,进而将农户群体的储粮行为保持在可调控的合理状态。     

关于现代粮食作物农业生产方式发展战略的研究

本文分析了现代农业作物经济可持续发展的关键因素,提出高效低投入生态农业概念及其最佳生产模式。认为多年生粮食作物品种培育和推广,规模化机械化生产,提高复种指数、加强救荒填闲可以获得全年高产和稳产,充分利用作物的多重用途发展相关产业,是现代农业生产高效率的关键基础。由于多年生荞麦等多年生粮食作物的高度抗旱耐瘠薄性和防止水土流失特性,以此为基础的高效低投入生态农业模式特别适合喀斯特山区的农业生产。     

不同株高类型甬优系列籼粳杂交稻产量差异及其形成机理

为了探究不同株高类型甬优系列籼粳杂交稻产量差异及其形成机理,以株高S型(株高135cm)、M型(株高140~150cm)、H型(株高155cm)甬优系列籼粳杂交稻为试验材料进行2年试验,比较不同株高类型产量及其构成因素、茎蘖动态、干物质积累与转运、叶面积动态、光合势与粒叶比以及冠层结构等特征差异。结果表明,与株高S、H型相比,M型增产21.26%和30.50%,结实率高,千粒重大。有效分蘖临界叶龄期到拔节期,M型茎蘖数增长较为缓慢,拔节后群体茎蘖数下降平缓;抽穗前,M型群体干物质积累量较小,抽穗到成熟期干物质积累量大,达10.51t·hm-2;抽穗至成熟期,M型单茎鞘重呈"V"型变化,最大输出量、最大输出率以及最大转化率均以S型最大,表观输出量、表观输出率、表观转化率均以M型最小;结实期,M型叶面积衰减缓慢,光合势、粒叶比较高。与S、H型相比,M型上3叶长宽大小适宜,叶片受光姿态良好,群体的冠层透光性好。甬优系列籼粳杂交稻株高适宜的M型在较大库容的基础上,依靠合理的冠层结构和较大的叶面积指数,中后期拥有较强的光合物质生产与转运能力,保持库容流的稳定性,促进库容的充实,最终实现高产。本研究结果对籼粳杂交稻株高性状的选育具有重要意义。     

Effect of biochar-amended urea on nitrogen economy of soil for improving the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) under field condition

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate effect of biochar-amended urea on nitrogen economy of soil for improving the growth and yield of wheat under field condition. Experiment plan was comprised of twelve treatments with four replications including treatments without application of urea and biochar (control) and urea only. Biochar was applied at 1–10% of the weight of urea fertilizer applied each treatment. Results showed that application of biochar at 10% with recommended dose of urea significantly improved plant height, spike length, number of tillers, number of spikelet per spike, 1000 grain weight, grain yields, biomass yield, harvesting index, nitrogen (N) concentration and uptake in grain and straw, and agronomic efficiency of nitrogen by 6.0%, 11.1%, 32.0%, 55.3%, 5.4%, 38.0%, 19.0%, 9.0%, 19.0%, 26.0%, 65.0%, 50.0%, and 63.0%, respectively, as compared to treatment comprised of recommended rate of nitrogen without biochar.     

西北地区退耕还林工程对粮食生产与农民生计的影响

[目的]评估西北地区退耕还林工程对粮食生产与农民收入的影响,为西北地区退耕还林工程实施的有效性和可行性提供依据。[方法]以西北地区各省(区)退耕还林面积、粮食播种面积、粮食产量、农民纯收入、黄河流域径流量和土壤侵蚀总量为基础数据,运用SPSS及Excel数据库技术开展分析。[结果]退耕还林直接造成西北地区粮播面积减少,粮食总产量下降,但农民纯收入逐年增加;退耕还林面积大小与粮播面积大小和粮食产量多少呈负相关关系,与农民纯收入呈正相关关系;黄河流域径流量随着退耕还林面积的增加而增加,二者呈正相关关系;土壤侵蚀量随着退耕还林面积的增加而减少,二者之间呈负相关关系。[结论]退耕还林生态工程对西北地区粮食生产的影响不大,促进农户增收的同时起到了保持水土,改善生态环境的重要作用。     

Screening of Basmati Rice Varieties for their Arsenic Accumulation in Punjab,North-West India

A pot study was conducted to screen different basmati rice varieties for their accumulation of arsenic (As). Different amounts of arsenic (0–800 µg/L) were applied through irrigation water to four basmati rice varieties (Pusa basmati-1121, Pusa Punjab basmati-1509, Punjab basmati-2, and Punjab basmati-3). Highest arsenic concentration was found in the grains of Punjab basmati-3 and lowest in the grains of Pusa Punjab basmati-1509. In all varieties, grain As concentration ranged from 0.038 to 0.288 mg/kg, which was within the permissible limit of 1.0 mg/kg in rice grain recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). In husk, highest As concentration was found in Pusa basmati-1121 and lowest in Punjab basmati-2. Among the four varieties, highest content of As was accumulated in roots and straw of Pusa Punjab basmati-1509, whereas least was accumulated in Punjab basmati-2. The distribution of arsenic among plant parts was found in the order: roots > straw > husk > grain. The mean arsenic concentrations in grain, husk, straw, and root of basmati rice varieties increased with increasing concentration of arsenic in irrigation water. Highest grain yield was obtained in Pusa Punjab basmati-1509 variety due to lesser accumulation of arsenic compared with other varieties. Rice yield, plant height, root weight, straw weight, test weight, effective tiller, and filled grain per panicle decreased with increase in arsenic concentration in irrigated water.     

Effectiveness of Zinc and Gypsum Application Against Cadmium Toxicity and Accumulation in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Cadmium (Cd) is a nonessential and toxic element because it inhibits the growth and development of plants and is dangerous for end consumer. It enters in the human food chain through food crops. Application of plant nutrients such as zinc (Zn) and gypsum is a viable and cheap strategy to minimize its accumulation in edible plant portions. Therefore, this investigation was conducted to determine the effectiveness of Zn and gypsum against Cd accumulation in wheat. The results showed that Cd toxicity considerably decreased the plant growth, physiological activities, and yield attributes and increased the Cd accumulation in root, shoot, and grain, while application of Zn and gypsum remarkably increased the growth and yield and decreased the Cd accumulation in plant parts in Cd-contaminated soil. The results also depicted that application of Zn showed better results as compared to gypsum. In conclusion, we can say that application of Zn and gypsum remarkably ameliorated the Cd toxicity and decreased its accumulation in wheat, grown in Cd-contaminated soil.