Evaluation of the API 50CH and API ZYM systems for rapid characterization of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus, causal agent of potato ring rot

API 50CH and API ZYM systems were used to characterize fifty-three strains of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus from different geographic locations and several reference strains of the same and different species, including other potato pathogens. Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus strains displayed a high level of homogeneity, both in carbohydrate utilization and in enzymatic activity. Using API 50CH and API ZYM it was possible to differentiate C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus strains from the remaining taxa analysed in this study, which included representative strains of the other subspecies of C. michiganensis as well as other bacterial pathogens affecting potatoes. Therefore, these systems could be used as an effective method to characterize C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus. Such a procedure would constitute an alternative system to the conventional nutritional and physiological identification tests currently included in the official methods employed in the European Union to detect and identify this bacterium. The results obtained with the API systems agreed with the current taxonomic classification of C. michiganensis, clearly separating sepedonicus from the other subspecies belonging to this species.     

Appropriateness of inexpensive, hand-held global positioning system units for creating weed maps in a pasture

This paper describes the practical use of a global positioning system receiver (hand-held GPS) as a means of measuring and describing pasture areas invaded by weeds. The accuracy of two GPS units, a hand-held GPS with an external antenna (GPS with an antenna) and the differential global positioning system receiver (DGPS), were examined in Morioka, northern Japan. In addition, an area of weed patches and a pasture, determined using the GPS with an antenna, were compared to the measurements made with a conventional tape and a weed map was created based on the coordinate data of latitude and longitude measurements. The accuracy of the GPS with an antenna was poor (8.3 m); however, the precision of the unit was reasonable in measuring area. An area estimation error by the GPS with an antenna was 7% when practically measuring weed patches of 141 m² and 1% in a paddock of 12 566 m². From these results, it appears that the GPS with an antenna might have an acceptable error in measuring areas for weed control in a pasture. A weed map produced from the coordinate data surveyed using the GPS with an antenna enables the state of weed growth and its domination in an area of pasture to be visually understood. Therefore, GPS technologies easily can be applied to quickly obtain information on weed infestation.     

柴达木盆地近50年气温变化时空分布特征分析

文中利用柴达木盆地8个气象站点,1961年-2011年月平均、平均最高、平均最低气温数据进行气温变化的时空分布特征分析。结果表明:50年来,柴达木盆地平均气温、平均最高、最低气温增暖趋势分别为0.54℃/10a、0.43℃/10a和0.74℃/10a,明显高于全国和全球增幅;增暖在平均最低气温上表现最为突出;四季平均气温、平均最高、最低气温均表现为明显上升趋势,其中秋、冬季增温高于春、夏季,冬季增温贡献最大;各站点气温在空间上表现为较一致的增温趋势,气温增幅从东向西逐渐增高。     

中国土地沙漠化对大气CO_2含量的影响

本文根据我国不同地区沙漠化类型的面积、土壤有机碳的含量及沙漠化的正逆转速率，计算了我国沙漠化土地中有机碳的变动。结果表明，我国沙漠化土地０－５０ｃｍ土层中有机碳的，总贮量为７５３．１４３Ｍｔ，近４０年来因土地沙漠化而释放到大气中的ＣＯ２，总量达１７３．２８６Ｍｔ，而逆转过程中固定的ＣＯ２量为５９．１２４Ｍｔ碳，所以，近４０年来我国沙漠化土地净释放到大气中的ＣＯ２量为１２４．４７５Ｍｔ碳，占全球温带和寒带土地每年释放ＣＯ２量１３３Ｍｔ碳的９３．５％。     

基于MODIS的沙漠化地区植被覆盖度提取模型的研究

目前常用的植被覆盖度遥感反演模型,受限条件较多,所用系数精度不高。针对上述问题,提出了利用研究区域的实测最大和最小植被覆盖度确定反演模型系数的方法和基于MODIS影像数据的地面实测验证方法。经用该方法对毛乌素沙地沙漠化地区的植被覆盖度进行反演,并同步监测该区域的地表覆盖度对反演结果进行验证,结果表明地面同步实测植被覆盖度与反演的误差绝对值平均值为0.04,反演方法精度较高。研究表明本文提出的利用MODIS影像数据反演沙漠化地区地表覆盖度的模型、地面验证方法切实可行,适合对沙漠化地区地表植被覆盖度大范围且快速的遥感监测。     

利用基因组信息提高畜禽生产性能研究进展

为了满足人们对畜产品需求的快速增长,必须在加快畜禽产业发展的同时把对环境的影响降到最低,提高畜禽遗传特性有望促进这一问题的解决。进入21世纪以来,以基因组选择为核心的分子育种技术迎来了发展机遇,利用该技术可实现早期准确选择,从而大幅度缩短世代间隔,加快群体遗传进展,并显著降低育种成本。虽然在某些畜种中（如奶牛）,基因组选择取得了成功,群体也获得较大遗传进展,但仍无法满足快速增长的需求。因此,亟需寻找能够进一步加快遗传进展的方法。研究表明,在SNP标记数据中加入目标性状的已知功能基因信息,可以提高基因组育种值预测的准确性,进而加快遗传进展。而挖掘更多基因组信息的同时,开发更优化的分析方法可以更有助于目标的实现。文章总结了主要畜禽物种的可用基因组数据,包括牛、绵羊、山羊、猪和鸡以及这些数据是如何有助于鉴定影响重要性状的遗传标记和基因,从而进一步提高基因组选择的准确性。     

关于在我国设立信息检索师专业资格的思考

现代社会,人们对信息的需求越来越大。信息的获取方式主要是检索因特网。而进行互联网检索需要人们掌握信息管理、计算机网络技术、数据库技术和软件技术等专业知识,同时还需要掌握计算机检索的原理和技术,要能熟练地组织检索策略。只有这样,才能获得准确且全面的信息资源。因此,人们需要专业性的信息检索服务。现在,许多机构已开展了信息检索服务,并且得到了社会的认同。信息检索的专业知识体系日益成熟。社会需要有信息检索师的专业技术资格认证,使信息检索服务规范化、专业化。     

《农业环境科学学报》2022年刊出论文简评

本文简要地介绍了2022年《农业环境科学学报》刊出论文的总体情况和农业环境领域当前的研究热点,重点评述了土壤环境、环境健康与农产品安全、废弃物处理及资源化利用、农业与全球变化领域刊出的论文,总结了当前这些领域重点关注的科学问题及取得的主要进展。     

A Framework for Economic Analysis of Cropping Systems: Profitability,Risk Management,and Resource Allocation

SUMMARY

A cropping system must be economically viable for it to be sustainable. This study focuses upon the economic components of profitability, risk management potential, and optimal resource allocation. Some of the primary aspects of economic analysis of cropping systems to a broad multidisciplinary audience of researchers, extension specialists, graduate students, and senior undergraduate students are addressed. Analytical economic tools are discussed including data requirements, advantages, and disadvantages of each method. A case study of a Henderson, Kentucky producer is presented as a primary example along with empirical applications from the literature. The importance of various types of economic analysis is demonstrated through the selection of different production decisions dependent on the level of economic analysis included.