秸秆还田与氮肥配施对中南地区稻田土壤固碳和温室气体排放的影响

秸秆还田和氮肥施用是影响稻田土壤固碳潜力和温室气体排放的重要农作措施。通过研究油菜秸秆全量还田并配合施入不同量氮肥（150、225、300 kg·hm^-2和375 kg·hm^-2）对稻田土壤固碳量和温室气体排放的影响,评估综合增温潜势,对分析秸秆还田配施氮肥对稻田固碳效果有重要作用。结果表明,与单施氮肥和单施秸秆处理相比,秸秆还田配施氮肥显著增加土壤固碳量,秸秆配施氮肥处理固碳量最高值为147.74 kg·hm^-2,比单施氮肥处理平均高出38%。在降低温室效应方面,与单施氮肥相比,秸秆配施氮肥处理显著降低N₂O的累积排放量;与单一秸秆还田处理相比,秸秆配施氮肥处理显著提高水稻产量,降低CO₂的累积排放量,但在一定程度上增加了CH₄的排放。秸秆配施氮肥处理的温室气体强度和综合温室效应分别为0.372、5 394.22 kg CO₂-eq·hm^-2,显著低于单施氮肥处理的0.630、9 339.94 kg CO₂-eq·hm^-2,以及单一秸秆还田处理的0.816、9 872.2 kg CO₂-eq·hm^-2,因此,秸秆还田配施氮肥是降低温室气体排放强度、减缓净温室效应的有效措施。     

秸秆还田下生物炭和硫酸铵对稻田N2O和CH4排放的影响

【目的】以江淮地区麦茬稻田为对象,研究秸秆还田下不同施肥处理对稻田N2O和CH4排放的影响,并结合水稻产量计算不同处理综合温室效应（GWPs）和温室气体强度（GHGI）。【方法】试验采用裂区设计,主处理2个水平,为秸秆还田（S）和秸秆移除（NS）,副处理4个水平,分别为不施氮肥（CK）、传统施肥（T0）、生物炭与尿素配施（T1）和单施硫酸铵（T2）,共计8个处理,采用静态暗箱GC气相色谱法检测不同处理稻田N2O和CH4排放通量,测定土壤温度、湿度和无机氮含量,统计水稻产量,计算综合温室效应和温室气体强度。【结果】无论是秸秆还田还是移除条件下,除CK外,其他施肥处理的 N2O和CH4排放通量都会在基肥和追肥施用后出现峰值。无论秸秆还田与否,与传统施肥处理相比,生物炭与尿素配施和单施硫酸铵处理均能显著降低N2O和CH4累积排放通量。在秸秆还田和移除条件下,与传统施肥处理相比,生物炭与尿素配施处理均会导致水稻产量显著降低,但会提高土壤NO-3含量,增加对周围水体污染的风险。在秸秆移除和还田条件下,与传统施肥处理相比,单施硫酸铵均能显著增加水稻产量,增幅分别为12.27%和7.78%。与秸秆移除相比,秸秆还田条件下单施硫酸铵会显著促进N2O排放,但显著降低CH4的排放以及综合温室效应和温室气体强度。【结论】在目前秸秆还田造成CH4排放增加的背景下,用硫酸铵替代尿素能显著降低CH4排放,并提高水稻产量,降低综合温室效应,施用效果最佳。     

施用生物质炭后稻田土壤性质、水稻产量和 痕量温室气体排放的变化

【目的】研究生物质炭对连续两年稻田土壤性质、水稻产量和痕量温室气体排放的影响,为合理施用生物质炭而促进水稻生产可持续的低碳发展提供科学依据。【方法】选择成都平原稻田,2010年布设了施氮与否（0与240 kg N•hm-2）下生物质炭土壤施用（0、20、40 t•hm-2）试验,连续两年观测土壤性质、水稻产量、土壤CH4和N2O排放的变化。【结果】施氮肥条件下,生物质炭连续两年对主要土壤肥力性质表现出改善效应,提高了土壤有机碳、全氮含量和pH,同时降低土壤容重,但对水稻产量影响不显著。生物质炭对CH4排放的影响依氮肥施用而异。不施氮肥下,施用生物质炭提高当季土壤CH4排放（20 t•hm-2用量时）,但次年无影响。施用氮肥下,不同用量生物质炭对土壤CH4排放无显著影响,仅40 t•hm-2用量时次年CH4排放有所增加;生物质炭对不施氮肥土壤当季N2O排放无显著影响,并降低次年的排放。然而,施氮肥下,生物质炭连续两年显著降低了土壤N2O的排放,其降幅高达66%。施氮肥条件下,连续两年生物质炭处理降低稻田痕量温室气体的综合温室效应及其水稻生产的碳强度,特别是40 t•hm-2的高用量下。【结论】在连续两年内,稻田采用生物质炭配施氮肥的管理措施对改善土壤性质和稳定水稻产量具有持续效应,高用量生物质炭(40 t•hm-2)显著降低稻田CH4和N2O痕量温室气体排放的综合温室效应和水稻生产的碳强度,且在连续两年内具有稳定的持续性。因此,在当前稻田管理措施下,生物质炭施用量为40 t•hm-2可实现稻田稳产和固碳减排的目标。     

Nitrate and bromide contents of glasshouse radish as affected by soil content and global radiation

Abstract

Samples (208) of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) foliage and root were collected from commercial glasshouses. Simultaneously corresponding soil samples were taken. Both plant and soil samples were analysed for nitrate and bromide.

The nitrate contents of foliage and root are affected by global radiation and by nitrate content of the soil. An interaction between the two factors was found; It indicated that soil nitrate content had a considerable effect in summer, but much less so in winter under poor light conditions, when the level of nitrate in the crop is high regardless of the nitrogen status of the soil. To study the effect of radiation on nitrate content of radish in summer it was found best to consider the cumulative amount of radiation during 10 days before harvest; in winter, a period of 20–30 days was more suitable.

The bromide content of foliage and root (highest values being resp. 390 and 73 mg Br per kg fresh product) was correlated with the concentration of bromide in the 1:2 volume soil extract. An increase of 1 mmol NO₃ per 1 soil extract lowered the Br content of fresh radish roots by 5.8 mg Br per kg.     

教育全球化背景下,从中美学校图书馆看两国教育差异

从教育全球化背景出发,着眼于中美学校图书馆在发展现状、馆员职业准入资格、馆员素质之间存在的重大差异,对中美两国在教育理念之间的差异入手,对图书馆的产生、发展和教育之间的关系进行深入分析,进一步讨论在全球化背景和信息时代中小学图书馆如何配合我国的素质教育发展进行改革。     

中国土地沙漠化对大气CO_2含量的影响

本文根据我国不同地区沙漠化类型的面积、土壤有机碳的含量及沙漠化的正逆转速率，计算了我国沙漠化土地中有机碳的变动。结果表明，我国沙漠化土地０－５０ｃｍ土层中有机碳的，总贮量为７５３．１４３Ｍｔ，近４０年来因土地沙漠化而释放到大气中的ＣＯ２，总量达１７３．２８６Ｍｔ，而逆转过程中固定的ＣＯ２量为５９．１２４Ｍｔ碳，所以，近４０年来我国沙漠化土地净释放到大气中的ＣＯ２量为１２４．４７５Ｍｔ碳，占全球温带和寒带土地每年释放ＣＯ２量１３３Ｍｔ碳的９３．５％。     

Appropriateness of inexpensive, hand-held global positioning system units for creating weed maps in a pasture

This paper describes the practical use of a global positioning system receiver (hand-held GPS) as a means of measuring and describing pasture areas invaded by weeds. The accuracy of two GPS units, a hand-held GPS with an external antenna (GPS with an antenna) and the differential global positioning system receiver (DGPS), were examined in Morioka, northern Japan. In addition, an area of weed patches and a pasture, determined using the GPS with an antenna, were compared to the measurements made with a conventional tape and a weed map was created based on the coordinate data of latitude and longitude measurements. The accuracy of the GPS with an antenna was poor (8.3 m); however, the precision of the unit was reasonable in measuring area. An area estimation error by the GPS with an antenna was 7% when practically measuring weed patches of 141 m² and 1% in a paddock of 12 566 m². From these results, it appears that the GPS with an antenna might have an acceptable error in measuring areas for weed control in a pasture. A weed map produced from the coordinate data surveyed using the GPS with an antenna enables the state of weed growth and its domination in an area of pasture to be visually understood. Therefore, GPS technologies easily can be applied to quickly obtain information on weed infestation.     

Predicting non‐native fish dispersal under conditions of climate change: case study in England of dispersal and establishment of pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus in a floodplain pond

Predictions of future climate change include shifts in patterns of precipitation, evapotranspiration and water run‐off, resulting in increased periods of drought as well as variability and intensity of rainfall events. In the United Kingdom, the non‐native North American sunfish, pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus (L.), is expected to benefit from these changes. We examine how hydrological variability induced by predicted changes in climate will affect the dispersal and spread of pumpkinseed in England by: (i) determining the relationship between discharge regime and pumpkinseed propagule pressure; (ii) examining a newly‐established pumpkinseed population following a flood event in 2007; and (iii) comparing the growth and life‐history traits of this new population with fish collected from the source population to demonstrate how the pumpkinseed's life‐history plasticity contributes to its success as a coloniser. Using Bayesian modelling, we determined that the number of pumpkinseed escapees is likely to increase with increasing discharge. The newly‐established pumpkinseed population showed fast juvenile growth, early age at maturity and small size at maturity. These traits differed significantly from the source population, specifically total length (TL) means at ages 1 and 2 were significantly greater in the new population, whereas TL at age 4 was significantly greater in the source population, and a significantly higher proportion of mature females were found at smaller size classes in the newly established pumpkinseed population. This study demonstrates the potential link between hydrological variability (current and future) and the dispersal of non‐native pumpkinseed, leading to the establishment of new populations.     

论析欧洲的环境政策

当今世界，欧洲环境治理绩效突出。究其原因，环境政策发挥了指导性作用。而这对于环境形势目最严峻的中国具有十分重要的借鉴意义。文中对欧洲环境政策发展历程、原则及挑战进行了细致分析，以供相关研究机构和学者参考。     

记忆指导模拟退火算法的研究

提出了改进模拟退火算法的记忆指导模拟退火算法。该算法能够利用已知信息对搜索过程进行指导，提高算法的搜索效率，该法对回火退火算法的计算量减少５０％。