Influence of turbidity and fluctuating water levels on the abundance and depth distribution of small, benthic fish in New Zealand alpine lakes

Abstract –  Minnow trapping was used to determine the distribution and abundance of two small, benthic species of fish, common bullies ( Gobiomorphus cotidianus ) and koaro ( Galaxias brevipinnis ), in five oligotrophic lakes varying in both turbidity and the extent of water-level variation. Koaro were 5–20 times more abundant in the large turbid lakes than in the clear ones, indicating that turbidity may reduce the extent of salmonid predation on koaro. However, the scarcity of koaro in the clear lakes was related mainly to the prevalence of brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) compared with rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) as the former were more piscivorous and had a stronger inverse relationship with koaro. Common bullies were more abundant at sites 20 m or more away from the shoreline, and at depths of 9–12 m irrespective of season, year and turbidity level. However, the overall abundance of bullies was reduced by 70–90% in the turbid lakes. As bullies are relatively insensitive to the direct effects of increased turbidity, indirect effects such as reductions in macrophytes from reduced water clarity or smothering of benthic habitats by settled solids are thought to influence their abundance in the lakes affected by glacial turbidity. There was no relationship between the extent of water-level fluctuation and the abundance of koaro or common bullies in the lakes, but the depth distribution of bullies was shallowest in the lake with the least water-level fluctuation and was deepest in the lake with the greatest water-level fluctuation.     

水稻土厌氧氨氧化对不同耕作方式与秸秆还田的响应

【目的】研究稻田土壤厌氧氨氧化微生物活性、丰度和群落结构对不同耕作方式与秸秆还田的响应,为稻田土壤氮素管理提供科学依据。【方法】设置3个不同耕作方式(翻耕、旋耕、免耕)+秸秆还田处理,同时设置翻耕+秸秆不还田处理作为对照,采用_¹⁵N示踪法、荧光定量PCR及Illumina测序分别分析厌氧氨氧化菌潜在活性、功能基因hzsB拷贝数及群落组成。【结果】秸秆还田条件下,厌氧氨氧化菌潜在活性表现为免耕>旋耕>翻耕(p<0.05),对照与旋耕+秸秆还田处理无显著性差异。各处理之间厌氧氨氧化菌功能基因(hzsB)拷贝数无显著性差异。Illumina测序从属水平鉴定出Kuenenia和Scalindua两种已知的厌氧氨氧化菌及部分未鉴定属,且各处理间二者的相对丰度具有负相关关系(p<0.05)。相关性分析结果表明,厌氧氨氧化菌活性与土壤反硝化活性显著相关,与功能基因拷贝数及群落组成无显著相关性。【结论】水稻田长期秸秆还田和不同耕作方式改变了厌氧氨氧化菌活性和群落组成,但其数量未发生显著变化。水稻田秸秆还田加翻耕可一定程度上抑制土壤氮损失,而秸秆还田与免耕结合的田间管理方式提高了土壤氮素损失潜力。     

辽宁棕黄土母质的特征及其成因初探

辽东和辽北的黄土状沉积物称为棕黄土,以区别于典型黄土,分布于高出现代河床20～30米的岗台地上。根据产状、颗粒组成和矿物成分。它们可能是风成的。昌图县的棕黄土可能来自内蒙沙地,大连附近的黄土可能来自北面的海域,其中含有有孔虫,宽甸盆地中的棕黄土则以大气尘降落的形式形成的。各地棕黄土中的矿物组成也不同,缓效钾的含量与粘粒含量成正相关,表明伊利石是其中的主要组成成分。     

高寒山区冰川河流悬移泥沙的输移特征

[目的] 分析不同区域冰川河流的水沙关系、输沙量及其对气候变化的响应,并对泥沙侵蚀强度进行评估,为高寒山区冰川河流的水沙动态研究提供理论基础。[方法] 选取绒布河和科其喀尔河作为研究对象,在消融期间（2018年5—10月）对冰川河进行野外观测和水样采集。考虑气温和降水的影响,采用水文模型法对绒布河径流量进行模拟,结合水沙关系曲线、泥沙滞后环及回归模型对冰川河流的悬移泥沙输移及其影响因素进行分析。[结果] 气温是影响高寒山区冰川河流悬移泥沙运输的主要因素;绒布河和科其喀尔河消融期的径流模数约7.36×10⁵,6.82×10⁵ m³/（km²·a）,输沙模数分别为200 t/（km²·a）和890 t/（km²·a）。[结论] 绒布冰川对气候变化更加敏感,消融强度大,泥沙主要来源于融水与降水对河道底部与坡面的侵蚀,但是可侵蚀沉积物和水力条件不足,造成该地区输沙模数低于其他冰川;科其喀尔河地处西北干旱区,泥沙输移量主要是由泥沙来源决定的,随着气温的升高,大量冰碛物被输送到下游,侵蚀强度明显高于其他大多数冰川。     

Evaluating decision rules for dryland rotation crop selection

No-till dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow systems in the central Great Plains have more water available for crop production than the traditional conventionally tilled winter wheat-fallow systems because of greater precipitation storage efficiency. That additional water is used most efficiently when a crop is present to transpire the water, and crop yields respond positively to increases in available soil water. The objective of this study was to evaluate yield, water use efficiency (WUE), precipitation use efficiency (PUE), and net returns of cropping systems where crop choice was based on established crop responses to water use while incorporating a grass/broadleaf rotation. Available soil water at planting was measured at several decision points each year and combined with three levels of expected growing season precipitation (70, 100, 130% of average) to provide input data for water use/yield production functions for seven grain crops and three forage crops. The predicted yields from those production functions were compared against established yield thresholds for each crop, and crops were retained for further consideration if the threshold yield was exceeded. Crop choice was then narrowed by following a rule which rotated summer crops (crops planted in the spring with most of their growth occurring during summer months) with winter crops (crops planted in the fall with most of their growth occurring during the next spring) and also rotating grasses with broadleaf crops. Yields, WUE, PUE, value-basis precipitation use efficiency ($PUE), gross receipts, and net returns from the four opportunity cropping (OC) selection schemes were compared with the same quantities from four set rotations [wheat-fallow (conventional till), (WF (CT)); wheat-fallow (no-till), (WF (NT)); wheat–corn (Zea mays L.)-fallow (no-till), (WCF); wheat–millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) (no-till), (WM)]. Water use efficiency was greater for three of the OC selection schemes than for any of the four set rotations. Precipitation was used more efficiently using two of the OC selection schemes than using any of the four set rotations. Of the four OC cropping decision methods, net returns were greatest for the method that assumed average growing season precipitation and allowed selection from all possible crop choices. The net returns from this system were not different from net returns from WF (CT) and WF (NT). Cropping frequency can be effectively increased in dryland cropping systems by use of crop selection rules based on water use/yield production functions, measured available soil water, and expected precipitation.     

Extending results from agricultural fields with intensively monitored data to surrounding areas for water quality management

A 45% reduction in riverine total nitrogen flux from the 1980-1996 time period is needed to meet water quality goals in the Mississippi Basin and Gulf of Mexico. This paper addresses the goal of reducing nitrogen in the Mississippi River through three objectives. First, the paper outlines an approach to the site-specific quantification of management effects on nitrogen loading from tile drained agriculture using a simulation model and expert review. Second, information about the net returns to farmers is integrated with the nitrogen loading information to assess the incentives to adopt alternative management systems. Third, the results are presented in a decision support framework that compares the rankings of management systems based on observed and simulated values for net returns and nitrogen loading. The specific question addressed is how information about the physical and biological processes at Iowa State University’s Northeast Research Farm near Nashua, Iowa, could be applied over a large area to help farmers select management systems to reduce nitrogen loading in tile drained areas. Previous research has documented the parameterization and calibration of the RZWQM model at Nashua to simulate 35 management system effects on corn and soybean yields and N loading in tileflow from 1990 to 2003. As most management systems were studied for a 6 year period and in some cases weather had substantial impacts, a set of 30 alternative management systems were also simulated using a common 1974-2003 input climate dataset. To integrate an understanding of the economics of N management, we calculated net returns for all management systems using the DevTreks social budgeting tool. We ranked the 35 observed systems in the Facilitator decision support tool using N loading and net returns and found that rankings from simulated results were very similar to those from the observed results from both an onsite and offsite perspective. We analyzed the effects of tillage, crop rotation, cover crops, and N application method, timing, and amount for the 30 long term simulations on net returns and N loading. The primary contribution of this paper is an approach to creating a quality assured database of management effects on nitrogen loading and net returns for tile drained agriculture in the Mississippi Basin. Such a database would systematically extend data from intensively monitored agricultural fields to the larger area those fields represent.     

长期保护性耕作对黄土高原旱地土壤物理质量的影响

本研究通过设置在陇中黄土高原半干旱区的小麦→豌豆和豌豆→小麦轮作系统的长期定位试验,探讨了不同耕作方式对耕层土壤物理质量的影响。6种耕作方式包括:传统耕作(T)、免耕(NT)、传统耕作秸秆还田(TS)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)、传统耕作地膜覆盖(TP)和免耕地膜覆盖(NTP)。结果表明,不同耕作方式下耕层土壤容重、孔隙度、坚实度和饱和含水量差异显著,团粒结构、有效水分、水分利用率和饱和导水率差异极显著,耕作方式对土壤温度和田间持水量的影响不明显。通过加乘法则和加权综合法2种模型评价了不同耕作方式下土壤物理质量,P→W(豌豆→小麦)轮作序列下表现为NTS>NTP>NT>TS>T(TP)>TP(T),W→P(小麦→豌豆)轮作序列下表现为NTS>NTP>TS>NT>TP>T,说明免耕的基础上进行秸秆覆盖,有助于形成良好的土壤结构,提高土壤入渗,减少土壤侵蚀,促进土壤物理质量提高。     

牦牛血液氯化血红素的分离提纯及工艺优化研究

试验以新鲜牦牛血液为原料,采用血粉法、冰醋酸法及醋酸钠法,探索制备氯化血红素的最优工艺参数,并对不同方法制备的氯化血红素纯度及得量进行对比。结果显示,血粉法的最优工艺是超声处理时间40 min,酸性丙酮添加量为120 mL,抽提时间30 min,乙酸钠添加量为9 mL,氯化血红素纯度达到96%,得量为7.38 g/L。采用冰醋酸法制备氯化血红素,当冰醋酸添加量为红细胞量的3倍时,氯化血红素纯度达到80%,得量为6.10 g/L。采用醋酸钠法制备氯化血红素,当氯仿添加量为红细胞量的2倍时,氯化血红素纯度达到90%,得量为3.44 g/L。通过对比3种制备方法,氯化血红素纯度依次为血粉法 > 醋酸钠法 > 冰醋酸法;氯化血红素得量依次为血粉法 > 冰醋酸法 > 醋酸钠法,由此可知,3种方法中,选用血粉法制备氯化血红素的量更高且更加有利于工业化生产。     

仿生分拨草防堵装置的设计与试验

针对我国西南地区小麦秸秆覆盖地玉米免耕播种机内被动式清秸防堵装置作业时存在的易缠绕堵塞、种沟清秸率低、作业不稳定等问题,基于仿生学原理,以白星花金龟前后肢轮廓曲线及后肢运动轨迹曲线为仿生原型,设计了一种高清秸率、不易堵塞的仿生分拨草防堵装置。通过运动学分析,研究了关键结构参数对清秸防堵效果的影响规律,并得出最优参数组合：拨草轮运动偏角δ为30°,轮盘直径D为204 mm,拨草轮爪数量N为13个;利用Design-Expert软件和Box-Behnken试验优化设计方法,建立了拨草轮入土深度(A)、机具前进速度(B)、分草挡板偏角(C)与清秸率Y的回归数学模型,分析表明三因素对清秸率均有显著影响,且显著性C>B>A,经过优化求解获得了最优作业参数组合：拨草轮入土深度T为11 mm、机具前进速度v为4 km·h^-1,分草挡板偏角α为35°。田间验证试验表明,整机的通过性良好,土壤扰动量及其变异系数分别为20.00%和5.30%,实际秸秆清除率及其变异系数分别为90.58%和1.20%,作业质量稳定,符合免耕播种机作业的农艺和技术要求。     

少免耕播种机条带型行间侧抛清秸防堵装置研究

针对我国华北平原一年两熟区玉米秸秆覆盖地小麦少免耕播种机作业时存在易堵塞、种床清洁率低等问题,设计了一种条带型行间侧抛清秸防堵装置。对清秸防堵装置工作时秸秆抛撒特性进行理论分析,明确影响清秸效果的关键因素为侧倾刀弯折角、弯折线夹角和回转半径。以作业扭矩、抛土量和种床清洁率为指标,通过离散元仿真并结合旋转正交回归试验,确定了清秸防堵装置较优参数组合为侧倾刀弯折角25°、弯折线夹角30°、回转半径250mm,此时种床清洁率为80.5%、作业扭矩为47.2N·m、抛土率为15.8%。配合清秸防堵装置,分别设计了一沟双行种肥分施开沟器、V型土壤导流板等部件。其中种肥分施开沟器前方装有定刀,可与防堵装置形成动定刀切割,提高了防堵性能;V型土壤导流板夹角为130°,可将抛起的土壤颗粒反弹回种床,增加了回土量。田间播种试验表明,所设计的行间侧抛清秸防堵装置未发生堵〖JP3〗塞和缠草现象,种床清洁率为82.7%,作业扭矩为2982N·m,作业质量稳定,满足少免耕播种作业国标和农艺要求。