怀孕及后备奶牛14项肝功指标的比较测定及临床应用

25头怀孕7—9个月的奶牛及30头后备奶牛的14项血清肝功生化参数进行了比较测定。在六项肝功能试验中,有四项(胆红素定性、麝香草酚浊度、絮状试验及高田-荒二氏试验)为阴性,黄疸指数及硫酸锌浊度试验分别为1—6及5～20单位。三种血清酶除GPT没有测出外,GOT与LDH组间差异不显著,孕牛血清总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白及血清总脂质均高于后备牛。但二组牛的白、球蛋白约各占总蛋白的50％,故白/球比值接近于1,差异不显著。文中最后讨论了GOT、LDH及白/球比变化的临床意义。     

日光温室内黄瓜群体结构参数分析

日光温室由于其特殊的光环境,黄瓜群体结构也具一定的特殊性,试验观测了日光温室内南北部的光环境及黄瓜不同生育时期的群体结构参数.结果表明:日光温室内南部的辐射强度明显高于北部,黄瓜的叶倾角、叶方位角、叶面积指数、叶面积密度等黄瓜群体结构因素在不同时期有明显的变化.植株南面叶片的叶倾角大于植株北面叶片的叶倾角.在整个生育期黄瓜以30°～40°叶倾角的叶片为分布主体.植株南面方位角分布频率也高于植株北面的方位角分布频率.叶面积指数和叶面积密度在生育前期上升,后期下降,这些变化与差异对黄瓜群体内的辐射分布有重要影响,所以此结果为探讨日光温室内的黄瓜群体结构与群体内辐射分布的关系和建立群体内辐射分布的数学模型奠定了基础.     

色氨酸水平对12～17周龄金定蛋鸭抗氧化性能影响的研究

试验旨在通过研究不同水平色氨酸对12~17周龄金定蛋鸭抗氧化指标的影响,最终确定最佳的色氨酸水平。试验采用单因素完全随机分组法,将12周龄健康的金定蛋鸭300只随机分成5组,每组设6个重复,每个重复10只。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组饲喂的色氨酸水平依次为0.199%、0.220%、0.240%、0.260%、0.300%。采用二次曲线方程确定12~17周龄金定蛋鸭色氨酸的最佳水平。结果表明:0.250%~0.267%水平的色氨酸能显著提高试鸭血清和肝脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)(P<0.05),显著提高试鸭肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性(P<0.05),但是对试鸭血清SOD活性影响不显著(P>0.05),显著降低试鸭血清和肝脏丙二醛(MDA)浓度(P<0.05)。综上,0.250%~0.267%水平的色氨酸对12~17周龄金定蛋鸭抗氧化功能具有最好的调节作用。     

氮磷肥配施对西北羊茅开花期叶片光合特性日变化的影响

基于植物对N、P营养元素的需求,试验设计2个施氮量(0、60 kg·hm^-2)和3个施磷量(0、60、90 kg·hm^-2)配施,测定开花期叶片在不同光合有效辐射下的气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数,探讨西北羊茅对氮、磷添加和光合有效辐射的响应。结果表明,光合有效辐射呈先增后减的日动态变化,下午13:00时高达2000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,且对西北羊茅光合特性的影响大于施肥措施。净光合速率随光合有效辐射增强先增后降,其值在800~1000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时最大;气孔导度、气孔限制值、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率与净光合速率表现一致,胞间CO₂浓度表现相反。氮肥和磷肥配施后气孔导度、气孔限制值和蒸腾速率均增大,胞间CO₂浓度则减小,表明施肥主要通过调节气孔导度,以促进叶片与环境间交换水分和CO₂,从而增大净光合速率。随光合有效辐射增强,PSⅡ有效光化学效率、PSⅡ实际光化学效率和光化学猝灭系数显著降低,非光化学猝灭系数显著增加,电子传递速率先增加后降低,但均在400~800 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和大于1200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1后快速变化。氮肥和磷肥配施显著提高PSⅡ有效光化学效率、PSⅡ实际光化学效率、光化学猝灭系数和电子传递速率,N₆₀P₉₀处理还提高PSⅡ最大光化学效率和非光化学猝灭系数。在光能分配方面,为减轻强光对光合器官的破坏,随光合有效辐射增强光化学反应比例降低,天线热耗散和非光化学反应耗散比例增加。施肥主要通过非光化学反应比例减小补偿于光化学反应比例,从而提高光能利用率。综合以上结果,从西北羊茅叶片的光合特性来看,氮磷肥配施通过调节气孔导度,以促进叶片与环境间水分和CO₂的交换和提高PSⅡ反应中心活性,非光化学反应比例减小补偿于光化学反应比例,进而增加叶片净光合速率。     

Effects of maternal subnutrition during early pregnancy on cow hematological profiles and offspring physiology and vitality in two beef breeds

This experiment evaluated the effects of subnutrition during early gestation on hematology in cows (Bos Taurus) and on hematological, metabolic, endocrine, and vitality parameters in their calves. Parda de Montaña and Pirenaica dams were inseminated and assigned to either a control (CONTROL, 100% requirements) or a nutrient‐restricted group (SUBNUT, 65%) during the first third of gestation. Dam blood samples were collected on days 20 and 253 of gestation, and calf samples were obtained during the first days of life. Pirenaica dams presented higher red series parameters than Parda de Montaña dams, both in the first and the last months of gestation. During early pregnancy, granulocyte numbers and mean corpuscular hemoglobin were lower in Pirenaica‐SUBNUT than in Pirenaica‐CONTROL cows. Calves from the SUBNUT cows did not show a physiological reduction in red series values in early life, suggesting later maturation of the hematopoietic system. Poor maternal nutrition affected calf endocrine parameters. Newborns from dystocic parturitions showed lower NEFA concentrations and weaker vitality responses. In conclusion, maternal nutrition had short‐term effects on cow hematology, Pirenaica cows showing a higher susceptibility to undernutrition; and a long‐term effect on their offspring endocrinology, SUBNUT newborns showing lower levels of IGF‐1 and higher levels of cortisol.     

Effects of feeding different levels of corn steep liquor on the performance of fattening lambs

This study was conducted to assess the effect of feeding corn steep liquor (CSL) on in vivo digestibility, ruminal pH, ammonia and hydrolytic enzyme activities, blood metabolites, feed intake (FI) and growth performance in fattening lambs. The CSL is a by‐product of wet milling process of maize starch industry. The crude protein (CP), rumen‐degradable protein (RDP), lactic acid and metabolisable energy contents of this by‐product were 420, 324, 200 g/kg dry matter (DM) and 12.6 MJ/kg DM respectively. Twenty‐seven male Moghani lambs were assigned randomly into three groups of nine lambs each in a completely randomised design. Three iso‐energetic and iso‐nitrogenous diets containing different levels (0, 50 or 100 g/kg dry matter) of CSL were offered ad libitum three times a day. Forage to concentrate ratio of the diets was 30:70. With inclusion of CSL in diet, the contents of canola meal, fish meal, wheat bran, corn grain and sugar beet pulp were decreased. The contents of DM, ash‐free neutral detergent fibre (NDFom), ether extract, starch, Ca and S were numerically lower, but soluble protein, RDP and non‐fibre carbohydrates were greater in the diets containing CSL in comparison with the control diet. The lambs fed with the diets containing CSL had lower [linear (L), p < 0.06] digestibility coefficients of DM and NDFom as compared to those fed with the diet free of CSL. Ruminal ammonia‐N concentration increased (L, p < 0.05), but pH decreased (L, p < 0.05) with raising CSL level in diet. Carboxymethyl cellulase and filter paper‐degrading activities decreased (L, p < 0.05), while proteases activity increased (L, p < 0.05) as dietary rates of CSL increased. Microcrystalline cellulase and ɑ‐amylase activities were similar among the treatments. Within blood metabolites, only urea‐N concentration increased (L, p < 0.05) in the lambs receiving CSL as compared to those fed with diet without CSL. Dietary inclusion of CSL resulted in linear decreases (L, p < 0.05) in the intakes of DM, organic matter, CP, NDFom and ash‐free acid detergent fibre, and average daily gain. However, the feed conversion ratio was similar among the experimental animals. Overall, feeding CSL up to 100 g/kg diet DM in lamb resulted in reductions of rumen fibrolytic microbial enzyme activities, in vivo digestibility, FI and growth performance, but rumen proteases activity increased.     

白酒糟对黔北麻羊羔羊饲粮养分消化率、血浆生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究白酒糟对黔北麻羊羔羊饲粮养分消化率、血浆生化指标及抗氧化应激能力的影响。以32只体况相近的4月龄黔北麻羊羔羊为试验动物,按照随机区组试验设计分为4组:对照组和试验1、2和3组,每组8个重复,每个重复1只羊,各组饲粮白酒糟水平分别为0、7%、14%、21%。试验期40 d,其中预试期10 d,正试期30 d。结果显示:1)试验1、2组表现出较高的干物质、总能、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维的表观消化率,均显著高于对照组、试验3组(P0.05);粗脂肪表观消化率组间差异不显著(P0.05)。2)白酒糟对羔羊血浆生化指标的影响没有明显规律;对羔羊血浆抗氧化应激能力指标全期平均值也未产生显著影响(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮白酒糟水平在7%~14%内可提高羔羊养分消化率,对血浆生化指标及抗氧化应激能力指标没有负面影响。     

不同比例青干草与青贮玉米对崂山奶山羊泌乳性能和血清生化指标的影响

本文旨在研究不同比例青干草与青贮玉米对崂山奶山羊泌乳性能和血清生化指标的影响。选择产奶量为(1.65±0.05)kg/d的崂山奶山羊2胎母羊20只,随机分为4组,粗饲料青干草与青贮玉米比例分别为8∶2(试验Ⅰ组)、6∶4(试验Ⅱ组)、4∶6(试验Ⅲ组)、2∶8(试验Ⅳ组),每组5只。预试期7 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:各组产奶量、干物质采食量和料奶比无显著差异(P0.05)。乳脂含量在第0天、第20天、第40天无显著差异(P0.05),第60天试验Ⅱ组显著高于试验Ⅲ组(P0.05)。试验Ⅱ组的乳蛋白含量平均值显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅳ组的血清葡萄糖含量均显著高于试验Ⅰ组(P0.05),试验Ⅱ组的血清胆固醇含量为最低值,且显著低于试验Ⅲ组(P0.05)。综合得出,崂山奶山羊粗饲料青干草与青贮玉米以6∶4组合效果最好,乳脂、乳蛋白、乳糖等营养物质含量相对较高,血清中胆固醇含量相对较低。