北京西山卧佛寺地区古土壤的研究

通过对卧佛寺地区上层中红色粘土进行形态特征、微形态特征、粘粒含量、一般化学性质和粘土矿物x衍射曲线等研究结果,证实该地区土层中的红色粘土系湿热气候条件下的强烈风化产物,属古土壤,不是现代土壤发生过程的产物。     

Stoichiometry of base cations and silicon during weathering of a deep soil profile derived from granite

Evaluation of the stoichiometry of base cations (BCs, including K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺) and silicon (Si) (BCs:Si) during soil mineral weathering is essential to accurately quantify soil acidification rates. The aim of this study was to explore the differences and influencing factors of BCs:Si values of different soil genetic horizons in a deep soil profile derived from granite with different extents of mineral weathering. Soil type was typic acidi-udic Argosol. Soil samples were collected from Guangzhou, China, which is located in a subtropical region. To ensure that the BCs and Si originated from the mineral weathering process, soil exchangeable BCs were washed with an elution treatment. The BCs:Si values during weathering were obtained through a simulated acid rain leaching experiment using the batch method. Results showed that soil physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties varied from the surface horizon to saprolite in the soil profile. The BCs:Si values of soil genetic horizons during weathering were 0.3-3.7. The BCs:Si value was 1.7 in the surface horizon (A), 1.1-3.7 in the argillic horizon (Bt), and 0.3-0.4 in the cambic (Bw) and transition (BC) horizons, as well as in horizon C (saprolite). The general pattern of BCs:Si values in the different horizons was as follows: Bt > A > Bw, BC, and C. Although BCs:Si values were influenced by weathering intensity, they did not correlate with the chemical index of alteration (CIA). The release amounts of Si and BCs are the joined impact of soil mineral composition and physical and chemical properties. A comprehensive analysis showed that the BCs:Si values of the soil derived from granite in this study were a combined result of the following factors: soil clay, feldspar, kaolinite, organic matter, pH, and CIA. The main controlling factors of BCs:Si in soils of different parent material types require extensive research. The wide variance of BCs:Si values in the deep soil profile indicated that H⁺ consumed by soil mineral weathering was very dissimilar in the soils with different weathering intensities derived from the same parent material. Therefore, the estimation of the soil acidification rate based on H⁺ biogeochemistry should consider the specific BCs:Si value.     

叶籽银杏的发生及其个体与系统发育研究述评

叶籽银杏是银杏资源中一个极为奇特的种质,具有重要的观赏和学术价值.目前,中国和日本已报道的叶籽银杏共有47株,树龄36～1 200年不等,叶生种子发生率为5%～25%.银杏的可育短枝整体上相当于松柏类的一个雌球果(大孢子叶球).叶籽银杏可能与种子蕨和苏铁类等有较近的亲缘关系.叶籽银杏的发生机制有返祖学说、衰老学说、环境诱变学说等,综合分析后提出嵌合体学说,其发生可能与同源异型盒基因的表达有关.本文对目前叶籽银杏的分类地位的多种观点进行评述,系统概述叶籽银杏的分布状况,形态解剖学、细胞生物学、分子生物学研究现状,分析银杏雌性生殖器官的形态学本质,及叶籽银杏可能的亲缘关系,对叶籽银杏可能的发生机制进行了探讨,并提出叶籽银杏研究中存在的几个主要问题及今后研究的建议.     

中国伊犁天山野果林区系表征地理成分及区系发生的研究

对中国伊犁天山野果林表征植物的组成、特点及性质进行了系统的研究,探讨野果林的来源和发展,结果表明:野果林区系成分是多元的,各类成分在此相互渗透,分布区重叠,使野果林区系没有绝对的本地特色.其中温带成分占有最高的比例(33.33%);西伯利亚-天山过渡成分(17.54%)是野果林植物区系连接北方安加拉(西伯利亚)植物区系的桥梁;天山-沿喜马拉雅成分(10.53%)又把野果林与华夏植物区系紧密联系在一起;新疆的大部分地区过去曾是特提斯海(Tethys)的一部分,所以现代野果林植被仍保留有古地中海成分的残迹(5.25%);天山是新疆境内植物属种最为丰富的地区,天山成分在各分布区类型中的比值也最高(33.33%),尤其是东天山特有的成分,则代表着野果林的土著部分,这一成分无疑是本地发生的适生种.野果林的区系发生是多方面的,主要有安加拉成分、古北极成分、古地中海成分、华夏区系成分和新疆本土成分.     

内皮PAS1蛋白(EPAS1)基因的研究进展

内皮PAS1蛋白(EPAS1/HIF-2)是细胞应对缺氧时关键的转录因子,在生物体生理及病理过程中有重要作用。文中对EPAS1的结构、分布、表达调控及在病理过程中的作用、高原低氧适应性方面进行了综述,为今后进一步研究EPAS1提供了参考和借鉴。     

张掖市荒漠化土地治理对策探讨

针对引起荒漠化土地加剧发展的人为因素，从人类生态观构建、政府决策、恢复退化植被的理论和规划、提高荒漠化防治科技含量、提高水资源利用率和投入支持力度、建立荒漠化土地监测与预警体系等方面进行了分析探讨，为今后进行荒漠化防治提出了对策措施。     

Genese von Lockerbraunerden im Bayerischen Wald

Distribution and genesis of Loose Brown Earths in the Bayerischer Wald In the Hinterer Bayerischer Wald (Germany) Lockerbraunerden (Loose Brown Earths, FAO: Dystric Cambisols) widely occur, which differ with their bright orangebrown coloured Bfv-horizons obviously from the yellowish or dark brown Bv-horizons of the Brown Earths (FAO: Cambisols). Our investigations show, that they differ also mineralogically significantly from the Bv-horizons of the Brown Earths, namely in their contents of poorly crystallized iron oxides (sequential extraction). We deduce from the high contents of oxalate soluble iron, that ferrihydrite minerals, are responsible for the characteristic morphological and physical properties of this type of soil.     

1998年大邑山区山地灾害及其成因

１９９８年９月是名,四川省大邑县部分山区了特大暴雨袭击,引发了严重的泥石流、滑坡等山地灾害,导致２人死亡,１人失踪,直接经济损失达５×１０＾７多元。从地形、地质、暴雨及人类活动等方面分析了山地灾害的成晨和发展趋势,提出了灾害防治建议。     

山东暗色粘性土的特性及发生学研究

本文对山东省主要暗色粘性土进行了形态学、粘土矿物学、物理化学特性以及发生学的研究。结果表明,大部分粘质砂姜黑土和暗色粘质湿潮土具有明显的变性特征,表现为干时开裂、湿时膨胀,剖面上部土体中有大量的滑擦面和明显的土壤翻转现象。土壤微形态以具有因强烈胀缩而产生的光性定向粘粒和裂纹裂隙为主要特征,并有较多铁锰和碳酸盐的浓聚物。土壤粘粒的硅铁铝率较高,粘土矿物以蒙脱石为主,蒙脱石的发生与其所处的地球化学环境密切相关。耕层之下的黑土层粘粒含量最高,且以蒙脱石占绝对优势,因此胀缩性最强,是具有变性特征最明显的层次。土壤的强烈胀缩性是这些暗色粘性土形态发生的内在原因,干湿交替的土壤水分状况则是其形态发生的必要条件。     

山西省关帝山地区棕壤的研究

山西省关帝山地区的棕壤多发育在海拔1800～2200m的油松林及杨桦林下,具细腐型(Mull)森林腐殖质类型,凋落物分解良好。土壤盐浸液(CaCl_2)pH值呈微酸性至中性反应。B层有棕化作用和粘化作用,应属棕壤类。根据现代国际土壤分类,本文将淋溶褐土豆类同时划归棕壤类。