Tracing Pb Pollution Penetration in Temperate Podzols

We combine high‐resolution soil sampling with lead (Pb) analyses (concentrations and stable isotopes) in two temperate podzols, together with previous data obtained with selective Al and Fe dissolution techniques. We aim to assess how atmospheric Pb is incorporated into the soils during pedogenesis. Partial least squares modelling for Pb concentrations shows that the podzolization process has the largest effect on Pb concentration (80·3% of the variance). The proportion of inorganic secondary compounds, the input of fresh organic matter from the soil surface and the relative abundance of Fe versus Al are responsible for a small part of the Pb concentration variance. Lead isotopic composition (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios) depends on soil organic matter content either fresh/poorly humified (57·3% of the variance) or humified (24·7% of the variance). The Pb linked to inorganic compounds and the overall podzolization process play a minor role in isotopic signature (5·3 and 3·7% of the variance respectively). Soil pH appears to be the controlling variable of the different transport and retention mechanisms. The relatively low isotopic ratios observed in spodic horizons result from geogenic Pb released through the preferential dissolution of the isotopically distinct most weatherable minerals of the parent material in the eluvial horizons, which undergoes downward mobilization. An accurate knowledge of soil reactive components and formation mechanisms is essential to a correct diagnose of the scope of Pb pollution and a more effective design of remediation strategies. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非正弦系统广义无功功率及广义功率因数的物理解释

在应用相关技术分析电流电压波形与广义无功功率之间的关系的基础上，提出了电流电压波形相似和波形完全相似的概念，用此概念论证了广义功率因数是电流总体波形与电压总体波形完全相似程度的一种度量，明确了广义无功功率是由于电流总体波形与电压总体波形存在差异所造成的这一物理概念。文中还给出了电流电压波形相似系数和波形完全相似系数的定义式，其中波形相似系数描述了电流波形相对电压波形的非畸变程度和对称程度，波形完全相似系数等价于广义功率因数，表征了系统容量的利用率。     

Important considerations in the analysis of generation means

Summary The weighted least squares (WLS) procedure has been widely used in the analysis of generation means in biometrical genetics. Two methods to carry out the analysis have been presented in the literature (Mather & Jinks, 1971; Rowe & Alexander, 1980). Neither method identified the factors that need to be taken into account when deciding which procedure to use. This paper examines the fitting of the additive-dominance model using the general principles of least squares analysis and presents the statistical basis of each procedure. Mather & Jink's method, which is more realistic according to genetic theory, is based on the assumption that the populations have nonhomogeneous variances. Rowe & Alexander's method is based on the assumption that the populations have homogeneous variances. In the latter case, there is actually no need to do a WLS analysis. The ordinary least square analysis using the original observations rather than the means, will produce the regression parameter estimates.     

Accelerated Generalized Minimal Residual Algorithm

This paper studies the fundamental theory of the generalized minimal residual algorithm(GMRES(m))in Krylov subspace and specially the relationship between residual vector and Krylov subspace.The relationship of the algorithm convergence and the subspace be selected is further researched according the linear system about residual vector.It is posed that the convergence can be slowed down because there are so many very small eigenvalue in magnitude.And a accelerated method(AGMRES(m)) is proposed to improve the convergence of the GMRES(m).Theoretical analysis and numerical results show the reliability and efficiency of the algorithm.     

含关节间隙的Delta机器人弹性动力学与振动特性分析

针对经济实用型并联机器人关节间隙对动平台位置精度与系统振动特性影响的问题,以Delta机器人为研究对象,利用数理统计原理对含关节间隙的Delta机器人支链进行了运动学分析,结合Lankarani-Nikravesh碰撞接触力模型与具有动态修正系数的Coulomb摩擦模型对关节间隙广义碰撞力进行了研究。利用空间有限元理论与拉格朗日方程,充分考虑主、从动臂的空间动力特性与运动协调关系,建立了Delta机器人弹性动力学模型,在定义杆件虚长度的基础上,将关节间隙产生的广义碰撞力结合到弹性动力学模型中,建立了含关节间隙的Delta机器人弹性动力学模型。借助FARO激光跟踪仪对间隙弹性动力学模型进行了验证分析,利用脉冲锤击法与Workbench软件仿真对Delta机器人的振动特性进行了研究分析。试验结果表明,考虑关节间隙时动平台中心点的运动轨迹较不考虑关节间隙时更靠近试验运行结果,验证了间隙弹性动力学模型的合理性与正确性,并且,系统前两阶非零固有频率的理论值与试验值的相对误差分别为3.544%和12.026%,两者相当接近。另外,由仿真结果可以发现3组从动臂是Delta机器人整机系统中最薄弱的环节。该研究可为经济实用型并联机器人的位置误差补偿与系统减振优化提供参考。     

运用PLS算法由HJ-1A/1B遥感影像估测区域小麦实际单产

为进一步提高遥感估产精度,显示国产影像在农业估产中的应用效果。该研究以2010-2013年HJ-1A/1B影像为遥感数据,分析了卫星遥感变量与小麦实际单产的定量关系,运用偏最小二乘回归算法构建及验证了以实际单产为目标的多变量遥感估产模型,并制作了小麦实际单产空间等级分布图。研究表明:实际单产与所选用的大多数遥感变量间关系密切,且多数遥感变量两两间具有严重的多重相关关系;实际单产偏最小二乘回归模型的最佳主成分为5,且植被衰减指数、绿色归一化植被指数、调整土壤亮度的植被指数、比值植被指数和归一化植被指数为实际单产遥感估测的敏感变量;建模集和验证集实际单产估测模型的决定系数分别为0.74和0.70,均方根误差分别为754.05和748.20 kg/hm2,相对误差分别为11.5%和8.88%,且估测精度比线性回归算法分别提高20%以上和40%以上,比主成分分析算法分别提高18%以上和30%以上,说明偏最小二乘回归算法模型估测区域实际单产的效果要明显好于线性回归和主成分分析算法,该模型应用结果与小麦实际单产区域分布情况相符合,为提高区域小麦实际单产的遥感估测精度提供了一种途径。     

土壤化学中的广义氧化还原反应

 土壤化学中的酸碱反应、沉淀溶解反应、配位反应和氧化还原反应都属于广义氧化还原反应。土壤化学反应中的某些性质可用广义氧化还原理论给出新的解释。     

Application of Wavelet Transform in the Prediction of Navel Orange Vitamin C Content by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

This study was to search for an approach for rapid measurement of orange vitamin C （Vc） content. By using different decomposing levels of Daubechies 3 wavelet transform, the near-infrared spectra signals obtained from intact fruits of 100 navel orange samples were denoised, and the results of the predicted Vc contents for the corresponding samples determined by the reconstructed spectra after denoising were validated by means of PLS-CV （partial least squared-cross validation）. It was shown that the prediction effects verified by PLS-CV analysis varied when different wavelet transform decomposing levels were employed. At the wavelet decomposing level 4, the best prediction effect was obtained, with the correlation coefficient R between the prediction and true values being 0.9574 and the expected variance RMSECV being as low as 3.9 mg 100 g^-1. Furthermore, the 11 different approaches for the pretreatment of the near-infrared spectrum were compared. It was found that the calibration model established by PLS using spectra pretreated by wavelet transform denoising provided the best prediction for Vc content, exhibiting the highest correlation between the prediction and true values by cross validation. In conclusion, the near infrared spectral model denoised by means of wavelet transform can be used for accurate, rapid, and nondestructive quantitative analysis on navel orange Vc content.     

遥感区域大小对森林蓄积估测影响规律的研究

该文将 1幅TM遥感图像分别分成 1 4及 1 2幅 ,通过实例分析了 1 4,1 2及整幅TM图像所能达到的几何精校正精度 .然后 ,以样地对应的遥感和GIS信息为影响森林蓄积估测的变量 ,采用最小二乘原理及岭迹分析 ,研究了上述 3种不同面积幅值图像对应林区影响森林蓄积估测的主要变量 .由 3种不同面积遥感区域蓄积估测方程中所含变量的个数、种类及预报精度 ,详细分析了遥感区域大小对蓄积估测的影响规律