非圆齿轮行星轮系自动取苗机构逆向设计分析

单自由度传动机构实现复杂轨迹和姿态要求是机构设计难点,该文针对穴盘苗取苗机构运动要求开展非圆齿轮行星轮系传动机构的逆向设计研究,提出基于输出构件相对转角单调性的机构可再现轨迹判定准则,对于给定的预期轨迹,通过相对转角曲线的单调性判断非圆齿轮行星轮系传动的适用性;在预期轨迹的规划上研究轨迹关键点的设置方法以利于非圆齿轮的传动比设计,给出在满足机构工作轨迹和姿态要求下轨迹型值点的确定流程,编写机构的设计软件确定一组机构参数,通过ADAMS进行了机构仿真验证。研究结果表明,轨迹与送钵装置最小距离为21 mm,取苗尖嘴宽度为2.07 mm,尖嘴倾角为136.4°,取苗臂在入钵段摆角为24.3°,出钵段摆角为3.6°,投苗角为76°,齿轮模数为2.53 mm,轨迹高度为285 mm,轨迹最低位置与行星架最低点距离为34 mm,单级非圆齿轮最大传动比降为1.81,该研究为非圆齿轮行星轮系传动的设计提供了参考。     

基于直流电机与全液压转向器直联的自动转向系统研究

针对农机装备电控液压自动转向系统生产成本高及电动方向盘自动转向系统中控制力矩小、存在自由行程的问题,设计了基于直流电机与全液压转向器直联的自动转向机构及其电控系统,该系统主要包括自动转向执行机构、自动转向控制器和液压转向机构等。自动转向执行机构与原车液压转向机构连接实现自动转向功能,考虑了底盘阿克曼角的自动转向控制器实现车轮转向的精确控制,通过在转向驱动电机输出轴安装电磁离合器和转向柱扭矩传感器实现人工驾驶模式和自动驾驶模式的自动切换。试验结果表明,车轮转角响应平均稳态误差小于0.1°,最大稳态误差为0.158°,±20°阶跃信号最快响应时间达1.2 s,超调量小于1%,可以满足对各种轮式农机的自动导航辅助驾驶转向系统性能的要求。     

自适应最大相关峭度反褶积方法诊断齿轮轴承复合故障

为了解决传统最大相关峭度反褶积(maximum correlated kurtosis deconvolution,MCKD)在故障诊断中容易出现因参数选择不当而影响诊断效果的问题,该文提出了一种基于量子遗传算法(quantum genetic algorithm,QGA)的自适应最大相关峭度反褶积方法(maximum correlated kurtosis deconvolution with quantum genetic algorithm,QMCKD)用于齿轮和轴承复合故障诊断。通过量子遗传算法自适应选择最大相关峭度反褶积的2个关键参数滤波器长度(L)和反褶积周期(T)。使用QMCKD处理原始振动信号,提取复合故障信号中的所有单个故障信号,分别对单个故障信号进行频谱分析从而识别故障特征。在对齿面磨损-滚动轴承外圈损伤复合故障诊断中,QMCKD能够识别齿轮故障频率及其2～4倍频,识别轴承故障频率及其2～6倍频,且主要频率成分周围干扰谱线很少,故障类型容易识别。与直接频谱分析和变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)相比,该方法在诊断效果上具有优越性。在对齿根裂纹-轴承滚动体损伤复合故障诊断中,QMCKD能够突出齿轮故障频率及其2～5倍频,突出轴承故障频率及其2～8倍频,齿轮和轴承故障特征明显,验证了方法的稳定性。试验结果表明QMCKD能够有效识别复合故障中齿轮和轴承的故障特征,可用于齿轮箱的齿轮、轴承复合故障诊断。     

Comparative analysis of ichthyoplankton sampling gear for early life stages of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma)

Comparative gear tows were conducted during the summers of 1987–1990 in the Gulf of Alaska. Efficiencies of four types of ichthyoplankton sampling gear were compared with respect to total catch and size distribution of larval fish. Fish were sampled using the bongo net (333 and 505 μm mesh), 1 m Tucker net, 3 m Tucker net and the Methot frame net. Results indicate that the bongo and the 1 m Tucker nets caught similar numbers and size distribution of fish. The larger 3 m Tucker and Method frame nets caught a larger size class of fish but a smaller total catch. Although there was a slightly significant diel difference in total catch detected in the smaller nets, no diel differences in size distribution of fish caught were detected for any of the nets.     

国内外拖网减少副渔获物的研究进展

拖网渔业的兼捕是一个世界性难题,每年因兼捕而产生的渔获物抛弃对渔业资源的持续发展产生较大影响。目前世界各国针对本国拖网渔业的特点、主捕对象开展了卓有成效的选择性研究,并取得了较为理想的效果。但在推广及应用过程中反映出较多的实际问题,有待进一步完善、提高。笔者综合了国内外在开展拖网渔具选择性研究中具有代表性的成功经验,表明单纯的网囊网目很难对副渔获复杂的拖网产生理想的选择效果;选择性装置及其与网片的组合是解决拖网渔具兼捕的有效手段之一。     

Non-commercial invertebrate discards in an experimental trammel net fishery

Abstract  Non-commercial invertebrate discards in an experimental trammel net fishery were studied in relation to selectivity of the gear, depth, soak time and season. Forty experimental fishing trials were carried out over a 1-year period with six combinations of small mesh (100, 120 and 140 mm) inner and large mesh (600 and 800 mm) outer panels. On average, 43.8 ± 12.2 (SD) (individuals 1000 m⁻¹ of net) of non-commercial invertebrates were discarded, accounting for 48% and 65% of the total catch and total discards by numbers, respectively. Within non-commercial invertebrates discards, the six most abundant species by number were Phallusia mammillata (Cuvier) (27.5%), Cymbium olla (L.) (13.0%), Sphaerechinus granularis (Lamarck) (11.3%), Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck) (10.9%), Astropartus mediterraneus (Risso) (8.2%) and Astropecten aranciacus (L.) (8.1%); Echinoderms (43.1%) particularly important. The highest and lowest discard ratios were found in autumn and winter, respectively. Discards generally decreased with depth, varied considerably in relation to soak time and were not related to mesh size combinations. Trammel nets seem to be the most important gear in terms of ecological impacts on benthic invertebrates compared with other coastal fishing gears and at the depths studied (15–60 m).     

Relationship between soak time and number of enmeshed animals in experimentally lost gill nets

In order to determine the effects of ghost fishing by lost gill nets, the relationship was examined between soak time and number of enmeshed animals in experimentally lost gill nets by using diving observations. Two experimental gill nets were set at 13 m depth in Tateyama Bay, Chiba Prefecture, Japan for approximately 200 days. One gill net was deployed in a small trough surrounded by artificial reefs, and the other was deployed on an adjacent open sandy bed. Twelve species of crustaceans, six species of gastropods, and five species of bony fish were enmeshed in the experimental gill nets. The number of enmeshed animals in the artificial reef gill net was substantially larger than that in the sandy bed gill net. The number of enmeshed animals in the experimental gill nets increased rapidly within one month after deployment, and then declined gradually showing fluctuations caused by the decrease in newly enmeshed animals, and the drop off from gill nets caused by the decomposition of dead animals. The decrease in the number of enmeshed animals was expressed by logarithmic equations, and based on these equations, the duration of capture function for the lost gill nets was calculated to be 284–561 days in the artificial reef gill net and 200 days in the sandy bed gill net. The duration of capture function for the lost gill nets for non-commercial by-catch species such as small crustaceans and gastropods was longer than for commercial species such as Japanese spiny lobster and bony fish.     

杆身截面积减小对连杆屈曲的影响

以某非道路四缸高压共轨柴油连杆为研究对象,采用由多体动力学与有限元分析结合的方法,研究了工字型杆身截面积参数变化对连杆整体屈服、疲劳安全系数和屈曲的影响规律.结果表明,杆身截面的宽度和厚度参数变化对连杆疲劳安全系数影响最敏感,其次是屈曲.厚度参数变化对连杆屈曲和疲劳安全系数的灵敏度影响相近.当杆身截面横截面积减少率相同...     

齿轮型多泵多马达传动系统设计与试验

为了使定量泵输出多级定流量以及定量马达输出多级定转速和定转矩,在比例型和并联型齿轮多泵/多马达的基础上提出了齿轮型多泵多马达传动理论。基于1-1比例型和3并联型齿轮多泵/多马达设计了2种齿轮型多泵多马达传动系统,并阐述了其工作原理和特点,且对2种齿轮型多泵多马达传动系统在不同工作方式下的输出特性进行了理论分析和拓展,并搭建了齿轮型多泵多马达传动系统试验平台。试验结果表明:齿轮型多泵多马达传动系统在不同工作方式下可输出多级定转速和定转矩,且各级转速和转矩存在一定的比例关系。试验结果与理论分析基本一致,验证了理论分析的正确性,为齿轮型多泵多马达传动系统的设计与研究奠定了基础。     

固定轮系的旋轮线及在车削多面体中的应用

根据坐标变换公式推导了一对定轴齿轮旋轮线的公式,由内、外啮合的公式得出一系列旋轮线图,分析了影响旋轮线性质和形状的有关参数及变化规律。根据定轴轮系的传动性质,可推导出多齿轮固定轮系旋轮线的轨迹。在误差允许的范围内,可以利用定轴轮系的旋轮线在其中心部分形成近似的正多边形的性质来车削正多边形。以正四边形为例,进行了误差分析和试验验证。