The role of land tenure in conservation of tree and shrub species diversity in miombo woodlands of southern Malawi

Biodiversity is declining throughout southern African miombo woodlands due to poor land use practices that are detrimental to soil, vegetation and habitat. We aimed at examining tree and shrub species diversity and distribution in Uapaca kirkiana-dominated woodlands under three land tenure types; forest reserves, customary and leasehold land. The study was conducted at different forest sites within similar agroecological zone in southern Malawi. Study sites were located at a range of altitudes between 900 and 1,200 m a.s.l. Three circular plots each with 32.60 m radius were established at each study site to sample tree and shrub species composition, structure and distribution under three land tenure types. We found that forest reserves had higher species diversity with an average of 16 tree families, 27 genera and 34 species as compared to only 10 tree families, 6 genera and 6 species on customary forest lands. Comparisons of diameter at breast height size class distributions showed that customary land had significantly low numbers of small (5.0–10.0 cm) and very large (≥30 cm) diameter classes suggesting lower levels of regeneration and high rate of anthropogenic activities. The high species diversity and richness in forest reserves and leasehold land indicate high potential for protected lands to restore tree species diversity. It is concluded that levels of human activities as influenced by land tenure type reduce tree species diversity, composition and distribution at the different sites, and this confirms the hypothesis that open access lands are not compatible with conservation of tree and shrub species diversity because of high anthropogenic activities.     

北京低山地区土壤酶活性与土壤理化性质的关系

通过对北京低山地区土壤的理化性质和脲酶、过氧化氢酶以及多酚氧化酶的分析，探讨了供试土壤中３种酶活性状况及其与土壤理化性质的关系。研究结果表明：３种土壤酶活性均表现出随土壤深度增加而降低的规律性；３种土壤酶活性间具有良好相关性，显示了３种酶在土壤生物化学过程中的共性关系；土壤酶活性同多种土壤性质呈现良好相关性，其中，土壤有机质含量和土壤全氮量对酶活性影响最大。     

大学生日常活动的时空特征研究——以酃湖大学城为例

以衡阳大学城的两所高校衡阳师范学院和湖南工学院为例,开展了在校大学生的日常活动调研,探讨了其日常活动的时间特征和空间特征。结果发现:在时间上,周一至周五,大学生日常活动具有时间上的重叠性和活动方式的确定性以及活动区位的固定性;周六周日或节假日,大学生的日常活动则呈现出较大的差异。在空间上,周一至周五,大学生的活动空间具有局限性;到了周末,其活动范围有所扩大,不同活动类型也会有不同的活动空间。     

Nonphytotoxic copper oxide nanoparticles are powerful “nanoweapons” that trigger resistance in tobacco against the soil-borne fungal pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae

Investigations into the potential application of nanoparticles acting as nanofungicides in sustainable agriculture are rapidly expanding due to the high antimicrobial properties of these compounds, which do not risk inducing pathogen resistance to fungicides.  A detailed understanding of the impact of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi is yet to be obtained.  This study aimed to explore the in vitro antifungal activity and control efficacy of CuO NPs applied via irrigation with respect to tobacco black shank (TBS) disease caused by Phytophthora nicotianae.  The results revealed that CuO NPs greatly interfered with the reproductive growth process of this fungus, repressing hyphal growth, spore germination and sporangium production.  Additionally, morphological damage, intracellular ROS accumulation and increased SOD enzyme activity in hyphae were the antifungicidal mechanisms of these NPs.  In pot experiments, treatment with CuO NPs at 100 mg L^–1 significantly suppressed TBS development, compared with the effect on control plants, and the control efficacy reached 33.69% without inducing phytotoxicity.  Exposure to CuO NPs significantly activated a series of defense enzymes, and resistance genes in tobacco can further explain the mechanisms by which CuO NPs suppressed fungal infection.  The Cu content in both the leaves and roots of P. nicotianae-infested plants increased by 50.03 and 27.25%, respectively, after treatment with 100 mg L^–1 CuO NPs, compared with that of healthy plants.  In particular, a higher Cu content was observed in infected roots than in leaves.  Therefore, this study showed the potential of CuO NPs applied as nanofungicides and as nanoinducers of fungus resistance genes for the management of TBS through inhibition of pathogen infection and stimulation of plant defenses.     

强还原土壤灭菌处理对人参连作土壤细菌群落结构及土壤酶活的影响

强还原土壤灭菌（reductive soil disinfestation,RSD）和土壤熏蒸（soil fumigation,SF）是缓解人参连作障碍的常用方法。为研究2种方法对土壤细菌群落和土壤酶活性的影响,采用高通量测序技术和化学分析方法对强还原土壤灭菌加氯化苦熏蒸（RSD+SF）、强还原土壤灭菌加复合菌（RSD+F）、氯化苦熏蒸加复合菌（SF+F）3种方式改良的土壤细菌群落和土壤酶活性进行分析。结果表明,RSD+F组细菌群落多样性与丰富度均最高,SF+F组均最低,3组拥有相同细菌菌属431个。RSD+SF组中,丰富度最高的细菌为Gemmatimonas,其丰富度为9.17%;RSD+F组中丰富度最高的细菌为norank_f_noranko_Gaiellales,其丰富度为8.72%;RSD+F组中丰富度最高的细菌为Bacillus,其丰富度为9.16%;Bacillus为3种方式改良土壤前10种优势菌群中共有的优势菌群。土壤酶活性与土壤细菌群落结构存在显著性关系,随着生长时间的增加,不同方式改良后的连作人参土壤酶活性均具有显著性差异（P<0.05）。由此可知,3种土壤改良方式均能在不同程度地增加有益细菌属的丰富度并提高土壤酶活性,其中RSD+SF组和RSD+F组的有益细菌属数量及土壤酶活性均高于SF+F组。     

The duality of teleost gonadotropins

The duality of salmon gonadotropins has been proved by biochemical, biological, and immunological characterization of two chemically distinc gonadotropins. GTH I and GTH II were equipotent in stimulating estradiol production, whereas GTH II appears to be more potent in stimulating maturational steroid synthesis. The ratio of plasma levels and pituitary contents of GTHs and the secretory control by a GnRH suggest that GTH I is the predominant GTH during vitellogenesis and early stages of spermatogenesis in salmonids, whereas GTH II is predominant at the time of spermiation and ovulation. GTH I and GTH II are found in distinctly separate cells. In trout, GTH I is expressed first in ontogeny, whereas GTH II cells appear coincident with the onset of spermatogenesis and vitellogenesis, and increase dramatically at the time of final reproductive maturation. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of polypeptides and the base sequences of cDNA revealed that salmon GTH I β is more similar to bovine FSHβ than bovine LHβ and salmon GTH II β shows higher homology to bovine LHβ than to bovine FSHβ. The existence of two pituitary gonadotropins in teleosts as well as tetrapods suggests that the divergence of the GTH gene took place earlier than the time of divergence of teleosts from the main line of evolution leading to tetrapods.     

Non-timber forest products and household incomes in Bonga forest area,southwestern Ethiopia

We identified the major non-timber forest products （NTFPs）, their contributions to household incomes, and the determinants influenc-ing engagement of households in using NTFPs in the Bonga forest area of Gimbo and Decha Districts of Kaffa Zone, southwest Ethiopia. Six Kebeles （the lowest administrative unit in Ethiopia） were sampled from two Districts and 150 households were randomly sampled using propor-tional-to-size techniques based on the number of farm households in each Kebele. Secondary data were collected from and focus group discussions were conducted with selected individuals. The farmers diversified liveli-hood activities such as crop and livestock production, collection of NTFPs and off-farm activities. NTFPs played a significant role in household incomes. The contribution from the major NTFPs （forest coffee, honey and spices） accounted for 47% of annual household in-come. The role of NTFPs was influenced by a number of factors. Vari-ables including being native to the area （＋）, total land holding （＋）, pos-session of livestock （＋） and access to extension （＋） significantly affected forest coffee production. Age of household head （-）, land holding （＋） and distance of the market from the residence （-） significantly affected honey production. Size of landholding （＋）, distance to market （-） and distance of the forest from the residence （-） were significant variables determining the NTFP incomes derived by the households. Attention is needed in the design of policies and strategies for the well-being of households to the contribution of NTFPs to local incomes and the variables that affect the collection of NTFPs must be considered.     

干旱胁迫下Si对甘蔗叶片相对水含量和抗氧化物酶活性的影响

【目的】研究干旱胁迫下不同Si（硅）水平对不同耐旱性甘蔗品种的抗氧化物酶活性的影响,为探索Si提高甘蔗抗旱性的生理基础提供依据。【方法】采用水培法,设置3个施Si浓度（0、0.2、1.7 mmol/L）,经不同PEG-6000胁迫时间（0、18、26、30、40 h）后,测定两个耐旱性甘蔗品种（ROC16和ROC22）甘蔗叶片的相对水含量（RWC）及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）等保护酶活性。【结果】与对照处理（Si浓度0 mmol/L,PEC-6000胁迫时间0 h）相比,随着胁迫时间的延长不同浓度Si处理的叶片RWC持续下降,POD活性先降后升,CAT活性先升后降,SOD活性则表现为先降后升再降的抛物线式变化趋势。ROC22的抗氧化物酶活性均高于ROC16。【结论】施Si能提高甘蔗叶片RWC及SOD、POD和CAT的活性,且高Si浓度（1.7 mmol/L）比低Si浓度（0.2 mmol/L）效果好。     

大学生党员在校园文化活动中的引领作用及其实践途径和机制

指出了大学生党员是新时期校园文化活动的主力军,而校园文化活动又是大学生党员发挥引领作用、提高素质及能力的重要载体。从大学生党员发挥引领作用入手,探讨了大学生党员在建设先进校园文化中如何发挥其积极作用,从而建立一套完整的机制使大学生党员充分发挥其在校园先进文化建设中的作用,为建设社会主义和谐社会提供参考。     

饲料中添加鸡肠粉对鲤抗氧化及部分免疫酶活力的影响

为研究饲料中添加鸡肠粉对鲤(Cyprinus carpio)抗氧化能力和部分免疫酶活力的影响,配制了4组等氮等脂饲料和1组鸡肠粉含量为100％ 的饲料,标记为D1、D2、D3、D4、D5.鸡肠粉添加量分别为0％(D1)、5％(D2)、10％(D3)、15％(D4)和100％(D5).选取初始体重约为57 g的鲤150尾...