内生真菌对醉马草根际土壤线虫群落的影响

为明确内生真菌对醉马草根际土壤线虫群落特征的影响,于2014年6,8和10月,对带内生真菌和不带内生真菌醉马草根际土壤进行采样,利用淘洗-过筛-蔗糖离心法分离线虫,根据线虫形态学特征进行鉴定,结果表明,本研究共捕获土壤线虫11889条,分别隶属于线虫动物门2纲6目22科37属,带内生真菌醉马草根际土壤线虫个体密度高于不带内生真菌醉马草,而类群数、多样性指数(H')、均匀度指数(J)和丰富度指数(SR)均低于不带内生真菌醉马草,但处理间差异不显著,表明尽管内生真菌使醉马草根际土壤线虫个体密度有所增加,使类群数有所降低,但是内生真菌的存在对醉马草土壤线虫多样性没有影响;与不带内生真菌醉马草相比,带内生真菌醉马草根际土壤线虫MI指数显著升高,而PPI指数和PPI/MI值显著降低,表明内生真菌在一定程度上确实改变了土壤线虫功能类群组成,其中主要影响植物寄生线虫。     

青藏高原东缘中国沙棘的克隆多样性及克隆结构

应用随机扩增多态性DNA标记(RAPD markers)对青藏高原东缘中国沙棘的克隆结构、克隆多样性进行了初步的探讨。结果表明,1) 14条RAPD引物在8个中国沙棘居群共184个样本中平均形成55.75种条带,平均有15.13种条带在居群内表现出多态性,平均多态条带百分率为27.64%;鉴别出26种基因型,平均每基株形成3.4个分株;2)与应用DNA分子标记研究的其他克隆繁殖能力较强的植物相比,中国沙棘的克隆多样性水平偏低,Simpson’s多样性指数(D)平均值为0.85;Fager’s均匀度指数(E)平均值为0.87;3)克隆结构分析表明,中国沙棘每克隆内分株间的平均距离为1.75 m,克隆繁殖的生长型主要为游击型,并且在居群内存在以某一优势基株为主的克隆分布方式;4) 居群的定居时间、生境及群落结构等对中国沙棘的克隆多样性有一定影响。     

中国部分山羊品种线粒体DNA D-loop序列遗传多样性分析

分析了中国部分本地山羊品种(18个品种200个体)以及在中国饲养的引入品种(4个品种25个体)线粒体DNA控制区(D-loop)的全序列,结合已报道的世界其它地方的山羊(15个品种77个体)以及2只野山羊的线粒体DNA控制区(D-loop)全序列共304个体,研究结果表明:山羊线粒体DNA控制区约为1 212 bp,检测到228个变异位点,203种单倍型,单倍型多样度为0.993±0.001;核苷酸多样度0.018±0.001。中国部分山羊的变异类型主要为类型A和B,而在巴基斯坦山羊中还检测到类型C和D。比较分析结果表明中国山羊遗传多样性和基因交流比中国黄牛品种要高。     

Clinical findings and outcomes of ulcerative keratomycosis in 30 horses in the mid‐Atlantic United States (2006–2007)

The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical course and outcome associated with keratomycosis in horses in the mid‐Atlantic USA. Records of horses diagnosed with keratomycosis at New Bolton Center from November 2006 to November 2007 with positive fungal culture were retrospectively studied. Neither horses with ulcerative keratitis and a negative fungal culture nor those with stromal abscesses were included. Subject details, history, clinical findings, therapy and outcome were recorded. Thirty horses fitted both inclusion criteria (diagnosis of keratomycosis and positive corneal fungal culture). Fourteen of 30 cases occurred during summer. Aspergillus was the most commonly cultured fungal genus (17/30, or 57%) followed by Alternaria (4/30). Seventeen horses had positive bacterial and fungal cultures. Fifteen of 30 horses were treated surgically by a keratectomy and amnion (8) or conjunctival (7) graft. Itraconazole was the most common topical anti‐fungal therapy and was utilised in 25/30 horses. Globe survival was 97% (29/30). All surviving globes had a positive menace response and were visual at the last examination. It was concluded that in the mid‐Atlantic USA, fungal keratitis is common, has the highest incidence in summer, and is usually associated with a positive outcome. Aspergillus may be a relatively more common corneal pathogen in this region than elsewhere in the USA. Surgical cases were more likely to have fungal hyphae identified on cytology and tended to be hospitalised longer than medical cases. There was no apparent association between surgical disease and all other patient, organism and treatment variables.     

云南肉山羊黑色品系内不同家系遗传多样性分析

应用QIAxcel全自动遗传分析仪进行毛细管电泳,对云南肉山羊黑色品系5只公羊134只后代的基因组DNA进行了11个微卫星位点多态性分析,以期为这一品系的选育提高和合理选配提供科学依据。结果表明,在11个微卫星位点共检测到101个等位基因,片段大小在115～249 bp之间,全群平均期望杂合度和平均多态信息含量均在0.5以上,表明云南肉山羊黑色品系遗传多样性丰富。对5只公羊UPGMA聚类分析表明:5只公羊间遗传一致度较高,说明云南肉山羊黑色品系具备了相对统一的遗传基础;系统聚类图直观地显示出公羊N7379和N7373存在较近的亲缘关系,被聚为一支,而公羊N5043、N7303、N5049间也存在较近的亲缘关系,被聚为另一支,分属于不同分支的公羊间亲缘关系相对较远。     

Using genetic tools to inform conservation of fragmented populations of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) across their range in China

A herd of 15 Chinese elephants attracted international attention during their 2021 northward trek, motivating the government to propose establishment of an Asian elephant national park. However, planning is hampered by a lack of genetic information on the remaining populations in China. We collected DNA from 497 dung samples from all 5 populations encompassing the entire range of elephants in China and used mitochondrial and microsatellite markers to investigate their genetic and demographic structure. We identified 237 unique genotypes (153 females, 84 males), representing 81% of the known population. However, the effective population size was small (28, range 25–32). Historic demographic contraction appeared to account for low haplotype diversity (H_d = 0.235), but moderate nucleotide and nuclear diversity (π = 0.6%, H_e = 0.55) was attributable to post-bottleneck recovery involving recent population expansion plus historical gene exchange with elephants in Myanmar, Lao PDR, and Vietnam. The 5 populations fell into 3 clusters, with Nangunhe elephants differing consistently from the other 4 populations (F_ST = 0.23); elephants from Mengyang, Simao, and Jiangcheng belonged to a single population (henceforth, MSJ), and differed from the Shangyong population (F_ST = 0.11). Interpopulation genetic variation reflected isolation by distance and female-biased dispersal. Chinese elephants should be managed as 2 distinct units: Nangunhe and another combining Shangyong and MSJ; their long-term viability will require restoring gene flow between Shangyong and MSJ, and between elephants in China and neighboring countries. Our results have the potential to inform conservation planning for an iconic megafaunal species.     

Genomic differentiation with isolation by distance along a latitudinal gradient in the spotted-leg treefrog Polypedates megacephalus

The patterns of isolation by distance (IBD) entailing increased genetic differentiation among populations have aroused extensive concerns for evolutionary biologists. Although the IBD may act on spatial processes contributing to the genetic differentiation among populations in anuran species, the factors shaping the IBD of frogs among populations in natural systems are largely unknown. Here, we studied the genetic differentiation among six populations with 24 individuals of the spotted-leg treefrog along a latitudinal gradient (1860.31 km) based on 1020 single nucleotide polymorphisms from restriction site-associated DNA sequencing. The results showed that the genetic diversity differed significantly among populations and that the insular populations had higher genetic diversity than the mainland populations. Furthermore, we also found a significant genetic differentiation among populations (F_ST = 0.277) and no sign of inbreeding (F_UNI = −0.145). The IBD was detected for all populations, and a higher degree of the IBD was indicated when controlling for the effects of the isolation between Hainan and mainland populations caused by the Qiongzhou Strait. Our findings suggest that the form of the Qiongzhou Strait plays a key role in shaping the genetic diversity and population differentiation in treefrogs.     

ISSR方法在蓖麻蚕品种遗传多样性研究中的应用

采用ISSR技术对8个蓖麻蚕品种进行了基因组DNA多态性研究,并分析了其相互间的遗传差异。结果表明,所采用的19个ISSR引物中,有9个引物在供试的8个蓖麻蚕品种中都有扩增产物并能够很好重复,其中二碱基重复序列引物扩增效果要比三碱基和四碱基重复序列高,说明在蓖麻蚕基因组中二碱基重复序列的丰度可能比三碱基和四碱基重复序列的丰度高。这9个引物在8个蓖麻蚕品种中共获得ISSR标记76个,其中29个标记在品种间表现多态性。根据试验结果,用Nei的方法计算了蓖麻蚕品种间的遗传距离为0.0681~0.2703。根据各品种间的遗传距离,用UPGMA聚类分析软件绘制了聚类图。     

火因子对松嫩羊草草原植物多样性的影响

应用三种丰富度指数，四种多样性系数，五种均匀度指数，进行了不同火因子对羊草草原植物多样性影响的研究。结果得出，灰分刺激与去枯作用明显提高了物种均匀度，加热作用则提高了物种丰富度，火烧的综合作用使得物种多样性显著增加，辛普森多样性指数计算的结果与其他 指数的结果截然相反，不适于在此种情况下应用。     

Effects of different types of dietary non-digestible carbohydrates on the physico-chemical properties and microbiota of proximal colon digesta of growing pigs

The effect of different types of fibre on the intestinal digesta and microbial diversity was evaluated in growing pigs. The animals were fed during forty-two days with one of four experimental diets including a control group, a diet enriched with resistant starch type I, by coarse ground corn, and other two diets containing sugar beet pulp (8%) and wheat bran (10%) (as sources of soluble and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides respectively). Body weight (BW) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were assessed at day 7, 21 and 42. Luminal samples of digesta from proximal colon were collected to analyse water retention capacity (WRC), concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and the microbial diversity. Overall, animals fed with higher amounts of non-digestible carbohydrates had lower ADFI and BW. Sugar beet pulp provoked an increase of WRC, a higher concentration of SCFA, and a more stable microbial diversity throughout the experimental period. On the other hand, animals fed with wheat bran presented a lower bacterial diversity.