炭疽病胁迫下的茶树叶片高光谱特征分析

试验以茶树不同炭疽病受害程度的叶片及健康叶片为材料, 室内测定其光谱反射率。结果表明, 炭疽病危害后, 茶树叶片的光谱值随发病程度的增加表现出有规律的变化, 740～1 000 nm波段的光谱反射率随病情加重呈现下降趋势; 而1 370～2 500 nm波段却表现出相反趋势。在742～974 nm和1 374～2 500 nm, 炭疽病受害程度与光谱反射率呈极显著相关。对光谱一阶微分特征分析表明, 在680～780 nm范围内处理间变幅最大, 有2个波段的一阶微分值与受害程度表现出极显著相关性, 分别为715～763 nm和776～778 nm波段。建立的炭疽病严重度诊断模型, 均达到极显著水平, 其中利用植被指数(Rg - Rr)/( Rg+ Rr)建立的模型精确度最高。     

西藏日喀则地区马铃薯气候适宜度模型分析及其时空变化特征研究

基于日喀则地区7个国家气象站1980—2021年逐日气象数据,分析构建了高原马铃薯气温(T)、光照(S)、水分(W)、气候(C)适宜度评价模型并对其时空变化特征进行分析,结果发现：近42年日喀则地区S平均值为0.82,呈逐年弱下降趋势,T、W、C适宜度平均值分别为0.79、0.64、0.61,均呈逐年上升趋势;马铃薯全生育期的光热资源都在最合理区域(S、T≥0.7),满足了其长发育需求。W在播种～出苗期(W=0.62)、开花～成熟期(W=0.44)呈现较低水平,是制约日喀则地区马铃薯生长发育的最主要因素;T、S空间分布较均匀,且呈现自西向东、自南北向中递增趋势,W空间分布不均匀。桑珠孜区—南木林县一带地区为马铃薯综合气候适宜度高值区(C>0.6),适宜大力发展马铃薯产业。由本文建立的日尺度气候适宜度评价模型得出的年际变化和区域特征结果与实际情况比较一致,为了解气候变化下日喀则马铃薯生长发育适宜度的时空变化提供依据。     

基于AquaCrop模型的夏玉米生长模拟及灌溉制度优化

为评价AquaCrop模型在关中地区的适用性并寻求最佳的灌溉制度,对夏玉米在不同灌溉与施氮水平下的生长进行模拟和验证,并利用校验后的模型研究了3种不同降雨年型以及11种灌溉模式下夏玉米产量和水分利用效率的变化特征。结果表明：AquaCrop模型可以较好地模拟关中地区不同灌溉与施氮水平下夏玉米产量和生物量,模型模拟的产量与实测值之间的决定系数（R²）、均方根误差（RMSE）、标准均方根误差（NRMSE）、符合度指数（d）和纳什效率系数（E_NS）分别为0.919、0.249 t·hm^-2、4.112、0.977和0.915;对于地上部生物量,模拟值与实测值的R²、RMSE、NRMSE、d和E_NS分别为0.860、0.977 t·hm^-2、6.407、0.933和0.694。利用校验后的模型分析了试验区内3种不同降水年型条件下11种灌溉模式的夏玉米产量和水分利用效率的变化特征,依据模拟结果及夏玉米生理需水规律,同时为了实现高产和高水分利用效率,得出不同年型的优化灌溉制度为：若能保证出苗整齐,湿润年可不灌水,此时也能获得较高产量和水分利用效率;平水年推荐在拔节期灌水60 mm,能节约50%水资源,亦能保证稳产;干旱年推荐在拔节期和抽雄期各灌水60 mm,可获得高产和高水分利用效率。     

The role of models for multicriteria evaluation and multiobjective design of cropping systems for managing weeds

Weeds are both harmful for crop production and important for biodiversity, while herbicides can pollute the environment. We thus need new cropping systems optimising all cultural techniques, reconciling agricultural production, herbicide reduction and biodiversity conservation. Here, we show how to (i) develop models quantifying the effects of cropping systems on weed dynamics, (ii) integrate interactions between weeds and other organisms, (iii) predict the impact on production and biodiversity and (iv) use the model for multicriteria evaluation and multiobjective design of cropping systems. Among the existing weed dynamics models, we chose the one closest to our requirements to illustrate these different steps, that is, FlorSys which predicts multispecific weed dynamics as a function of cultural techniques and pedoclimate. We have illustrated the development of interaction submodels with the example of a crop pathogen whose propagation is increased when infecting grass weeds. To evaluate the weed flora impact, predicted weed densities were translated into indicators of harmfulness (crop yield loss, technical harvest problems, harvest pollution, field infestation, crop disease increase) and biodiversity (weed species richness and equitability, trophic resources for birds, insects and pollinators). Simulations were run over several years and with different weather scenarios (i) to optimise cultural techniques to control harmful weeds, (ii) to analyse the impact of changing agricultural practices (e.g. simplified tillage and rotations, no‐till, temporary crops) on weed density, species and trait composition and (iii) to evaluate cropping systems for their ability to reconcile agricultural production and biodiversity, thus identifying levers for designing sustainable cropping systems.     

植物病害时空流行动态模拟模型的构建

 一个描述在二维空间中单一种植或混合种植的植物群体内病害时、空流行动态的计算机随机模拟模型构建完成。模型由寄主、病原2个组分和病斑产孢、孢子传播、孢子着落、孢子侵染、病斑潜育、寄主生长、病害控制等一系列代表病害流行生物学过程的子模型构成。模型采用了面向对象的程序设计方法,用C++语言编写,能以病害流行曲线图、空间分布图、数据列表等方式显示模拟结果。测试结果表明:模型能反映植物病害流行过程的本质规律,既可作为植物病害流行学教学工具,帮助学生理解病害流行的时、空动态规律和不同因子对病害流行的影响,也可以作为研究工具,对流行学的某些理论问题进行模拟研究     

Vegetation fractional coverage change in a typical oasis region in Tarim River Watershed based on remote sensing

Vegetation fractional coverage(VFC) is an important index to describe and evaluate the ecological system.The vegetation index is widely used to monitor vegetation coverage in the field of remote sensing(RS).In this paper,the author conducted a case study of the delta oasis of Weigan and Kuqa rivers,which is a typical saline area in the Tarim River Watershed.The current study was based on the TM/ETM+ images of 1989,2001,and 2006,and supported by Geographic Information System(GIS) spatial analysis,vegetation index,and dimidiate pixel model.In addition,VBSI(vegetation,bare soil and shadow indices) suitable for TM/ETM+ images,constructed with FCD(forest canopy density) model principle and put forward by ITTO(International Tropical Timber Organization),was used,and it was applied to estimate the VFC.The estimation accuracy was later proven to be up to 83.52%.Further,the study analyzed and appraised the changes in vegetation patterns and revealed a pattern of spatial change in the vegetation coverage of the study area by producing the map of VFC levels in the delta oasis.Forest,grassland,and farmland were the three main land-use types with high and extremely-high coverage,and they played an important role in maintaining the vegetation.The forest area determined the changes of the coverage area,whereas the other two land types affected the directions of change.Therefore,planting trees,protecting grasslands,reclaiming farmlands,and controlling unused lands should be included in a long-term program because of their importance in keeping regional vegetation coverage.Finally,the dynamic variation of VFC in the study area was evaluated according to the quantity and spatial distribution rendered by plant cover digital images to deeply analyze the reason behind the variation.     

玉米秸秆切割过程的非线性数值模拟与仿真试验

应用Solidworks软件建立玉米秸秆—切割刀片参数化模型,借助LS-DYNA971非线性有限元软件模拟切割刀片切割玉米秸秆的过程。玉米秸秆切割的有限元数值模拟能降低试验成本和缩短试验时间,可视化数值模拟过程可为玉米秸秆收获机械的设计提供理论参考。利用参数化模型特点,通过改变玉米秸秆直径大小、秸秆含水率、切割方式和刀片刀端线速度进行正交仿真试验。结果表明：对切割力来说,含水率对其影响最显著,其它影响依次为：秸秆直径、切割方式、刀片刀端线速度;对切割功耗来说,含水率影响最显著,其次分别为：秸秆直径、刀片刀端线速度、切割方式。经正交综合平衡法分析可知：当刀片刀端线速度为28 m·s^-1,采取滑切方式,玉米秸秆含水率、直径分别为45%、26 mm时为最优。玉米秸秆—切割刀片动力学可视化数值模拟仿真模型的构建和分析, 对玉米秸秆收获机械设计具有重要的参考价值。     

利用光谱特征参数估算病害胁迫下杉木叶绿素含量

为了探索建立炭疽病胁迫下杉木叶绿素含量的高光谱估算模型,促进遥感技术在森林病虫害监测中的应用,通过获取不同发病程度的杉木冠层光谱及相应的叶绿素含量,将冠层光谱数据、一阶微分数据与相应的叶绿素含量分别进行了相关分析。采用逐步回归、主成分回归及偏最小二乘回归方法构建叶绿素含量的估算模型。叶绿素含量与原始光谱在可见光(614～698nm)和近红外区(724nm之后)达到极显著相关,且在近红外区基本趋于稳定;与一阶微分光谱在424～486nm、514～532nm、552～682nm、698～755nm和762～772nm波段全部达到极显著相关;3种建模方法均消除了参数间多重共线性的影响,模型的决定系数全部达到极显著水平,其中逐步回归模型精度最高,相对误差和均方根误差分别为10.71%和0.194。研究表明受到不同程度炭疽病胁迫的杉木冠层光谱反射差异较大,可利用高光谱信息定量估算病害胁迫下的杉木叶绿素含量,且估算精度较高。     

犁体耕作阻力模型仿真分析与试验研究

为进一步提高犁体耕作性能,分析影响犁体耕作阻力的因素,基于摩尔-库仑土壤剪切理论,建立了包含犁体结构参数、土壤物理特性和犁体工作参数的耕作阻力模型,耕作阻力表达式包含了犁铲尖和犁铧切削土壤阻力、土壤在犁壁上产生的摩擦力和翻垡过程土壤动量变化产生的阻力、犁壁翻垡使土壤势能增加产生的阻力、作用在犁铧和犁壁上的横向力产生的摩擦力、土壤横向运动对犁壁产生的阻力。基于新疆玉米地土壤物理特性,建立了两种高速犁体A和B的耕作阻力方程,在不同耕宽（0.35、0.42 m）、耕深（0.255、0.305 m）和耕速(2.22、2.5、2.78 m·s^-1)作业条件下对耕作阻力进行了理论、仿真和试验研究,分析了犁体耕作阻力的影响因素,结果表明,仿真值与计算值的平均误差为3.37%,试验值与计算值的平均误差为7.18%,试验值与仿真值的平均误差为3.71%。犁体耕作阻力与铧刃角呈非线性增长关系;与耕深呈三次函数增长关系;与耕速呈二次函数增长关系;犁体耕作过程的功率消耗与耕速呈三次函数的增长关系。提出设置合理的安全系数（s_f）,使拖拉机配套功率P_s     

刺桐姬小蜂在中国的适生区分析

运用CLIMEX的气候相似系数法,对入侵害虫刺桐姬小蜂在中国的适生区进行了分析和预测,结果表明:中国大陆有18个省区45个市、县(地区)适合该虫生存,大体分布于18.14°N～36.00°N,98.30°E～121.36°E范围内,这些地区也是刺桐属植物的主要分布区。