Physicochemical property guidelines for modern agrochemicals

The relentless need for the discovery and development of new agrochemicals continues as a result of driving forces such as loss of existing products through the development of resistance, the necessity for products with more favorable environmental and toxicological profiles, shifting pest spectra, and the changing agricultural needs and practices of the farming community. These new challenges underscore the demand for novel, high‐quality starting points to accelerate the discovery of new agrochemicals that address market challenges. This article discusses the efforts to identify the optimum ranges of physicochemical properties of agrochemicals through analysis of modern commercial products. Specifically, we reviewed literature studies examining physicochemical property effects and analyzed the properties typical of successful fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides (chewing and sap‐feeding pests). From the analysis, a new set of physicochemical property guidelines for each discipline, as well as building block class, are proposed. These new guidelines should significantly aid in the discovery of next‐generation agrochemicals. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

Nutritional and Functional Properties of Two Dried Brown Seaweeds Sirophysalis trinodis and Polycladia myrica

Sirophysalis trinodis and Polycladia myrica, two brown seaweeds present on the southeast coast of Iran, were evaluated for their nutritional and functional properties after drying. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of crude polysaccharides revealed the characteristic absorption bands of phenol, O–H, C–H, C–O–S, C–O, C=O, C–H groups, and β-glycosidic linkages from cellulose, with the sulfate contents estimated as 4.89 ± 0.11% and 6.96 ± 0.05% of SO₄^?2. Results of nutritional profiles revealed all of the essential amino acids, especially methionine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, threonine, valine, phenyl alanine, and arginine. In addition, important fatty acids such as linolenic acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid were found in high amounts. The other nutritional components present in high amounts were proline and minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper, and zinc. The antibacterial activity was weak, but the result of antioxidant activities (hydroxyl and superoxide radicals scavenging and ferrous-ion chelating ability) of crude polysaccharides was considerable. In general, the findings of this study recommend that S. trinodis and P. myrica dried seaweeds have a potent nutritional value and might be used as a valuable source of nutrient supplements for humans and animals.     

Assessment of the Nutritive,Biochemical, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potential of Eight Tropical Macro algae Along Kachchh Coast,India as Human Food Supplements

Eight tropical marine macro algae were investigated for in-vitro antioxidant, antibacterial, and biochemical properties. The moisture content [% DW (dry weight)] ranged from 7.21 to 14.72%; ash, 24.92 to 47.04%; lipids, 0.73 to 2.67%; protein, 4.56 to 12.59%; and carbohydrate, 30.1 to 48.51%. The % sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ranged from 21.71 to 78.22%, while omega-6/omega-3 (ω6/ω3) ratio was from 0 to 2.08, which remained within the prescribed World Health Organization (WHO) standards (<10). The % sum of essential amino acids (EAAs) ranged from 86.18 to 204.66, and Na/K ratio ranged from 0.37 to 2.85. The extracts exhibited significant (P < 0.05) values for total phenol (7.25–16.0 µg PGE mg^–1 DW) and total flavonoid (4.06–15.63 µg QE mg^–1 DW) at 200 µg/ml. Antibacterial activity was tested against the selected food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. The principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed a positive correlation between total phenolic content, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activities, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), which supports the integration of seaweeds as ingredients in functional foods.     

不同时期弱光胁迫对晚稻不同耐弱光品种源库特征及叶片保护酶活性的影响

目的 本研究旨在明确弱光胁迫下不同弱光耐性品种在源库特征及叶片保护酶活性变化方面的差异,揭示其耐弱光胁迫的机制,为双季稻高产稳产新品种的选育及抗逆栽培提供理论指导。方法 以2个对弱光胁迫耐性存在显著差异的晚稻品种为材料,通过设置不同时期的遮光处理,研究弱光胁迫时期对晚稻不同耐性品种的源库特征及叶片保护酶活性的影响。结果 结果表明,不同时期弱光胁迫对晚稻生长有重要影响,分蘖期弱光胁迫下晚稻分蘖数、每穗粒数及总颖花量减少,叶面积下降,产量降低;幼穗分化期弱光胁迫下晚稻分蘖数和每穗粒数减少,总颖花量、叶面积、结实率均下降,产量降低;灌浆期弱光胁迫下水稻叶片净同化率降低,结实率和千粒重下降,产量降低。不同时期弱光胁迫对晚稻产量的影响表现为灌浆期>幼穗分化期>分蘖期。结论 耐弱光胁迫型品种能通过增加叶片的长宽度减少叶面积的下降,叶片含氮量保持相对稳定,叶片中SOD、CAT等保护酶活性保持在较高水平,POD活性保持相对稳定,叶片净同化率下降幅度小,在弱光胁迫下实现“强源”,减产率相对较低。弱光胁迫下具有较强的叶面积补偿能力和适宜氮含量以及较高的保护酶活性是水稻耐弱光胁迫的重要机制。     

油菜重要性状功能基因研究进展

为实现从传统育种向以基因（或基因组）信息为依据的分子育种转型,研究油菜功能基因组是重要的基础和前提。本文综述了近几年异源四倍体油菜功能基因组研究进展,重点概述了油菜雄性不育、产量、品质和养分代谢等重要性状的功能基因研究结果,并针对我国油菜功能基因组研究和生产育种现状,提出推进功能基因组研究成果应用于育种体系,培育我国自主的高效型油菜重大品种的有关建议,以增强我国生物技术育种的国际竞争力。     

Controlling Properties and Cytotoxicity of Chitosan Nanocapsules by Chemical Grafting

The tunability of the properties of chitosan-based carriers opens new ways for the application of drugs with low water-stability or high adverse effects. In this work, the combination of a nanoemulsion with a chitosan hydrogel coating and the following poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) grafting is proven to be a promising strategy to obtain a flexible and versatile nanocarrier with an improved stability. Thanks to chitosan amino groups, a new easy and reproducible method to obtain nanocapsule grafting with PEG has been developed in this work, allowing a very good control and tunability of the properties of nanocapsule surface. Two different PEG densities of coverage are studied and the nanocapsule systems obtained are characterized at all steps of the optimization in terms of diameter, Z potential and surface charge (amino group analysis). Results obtained are compatible with a conformation of PEG molecules laying adsorbed on nanoparticle surface after covalent linking through their amino terminal moiety. An improvement in nanocapsule stability in physiological medium is observed with the highest PEG coverage density obtained. Cytotoxicity tests also demonstrate that grafting with PEG is an effective strategy to modulate the cytotoxicity of developed nanocapsules. Such results indicate the suitability of chitosan as protective coating for future studies oriented toward drug delivery.     

长期继代蝴蝶兰类原球茎对抗氧化剂的生理响应及DNA稳定性分析

为了解抗氧化剂减缓长期继代蝴蝶兰类原球茎衰老的机理,本实验在培养基添加抗氧化剂100 mg/L半胱氨酸和8 g/L甘露醇继代类原球茎24个月,分析其相关氧化指标及DNA稳定性。结果表明,类原球茎培养期间处理组总活性氧水平变化趋势与对照组不同,处理组比对照组低,对照组总活性氧水平消长趋势与超氧阴离子(O_2~-)生成速率较为一致,处理组则与羟自由基(·OH)相对含量的消长趋势较一致。继代期间丙二醛含量变化趋势与总活性氧水平变化趋势相似,处理组比对照组低。类原球茎DNA的SRAP分析结果表明,继代培养期间处理组与对照组间均未发生明显的DNA差异。类原球茎DNA甲基化程度变化趋势与总活性氧水平变化大体相同,中后期处理组比对照组低。     

食用菌有性发育相关基因的研究进展

从构巢曲霉veA基因的发现出发,以研究时间先后为顺序,总结了近30 a来发现的与食用菌有性发育相关的基因及其作用,其中重点介绍了双孢菇、香菇和冬虫夏草中有性发育相关基因的功能,并对今后食用菌有性发育的研究进行了展望。     

莲藕渣的综合利用研究进展

综述了莲藕渣的营养成分及其综合利用研究进展,莲藕渣的营养成主要是多酚类物质、多糖和膳食纤维等,其综合利用主要是对其活性成分的提取和利用莲藕渣转化产品,提出了莲藕渣综合利用存在的问题及对策,为其综合利用研究提供参考。     

GPS在定位和面积量测中的误差分析

以河南农业大学校区为研究区域,通过手持GPS仪探讨了不同观测时长、不同观测时间以及不同区域面积对GPS精密度和稳定性的影响。结果表明:不同观测时长对GPS定位的坐标没有影响;不同观测时段中,定位时长为60 s和120 s的稳定度相差不大,而实时定位的稳定度比120 s的稳定度高3倍以上;当地块面积在3 600 m2以下时,GPS测量结果的变化幅度较大,呈不稳定状态,当地块面积在3 600 m2以上时,GPS测量结果的变化幅度逐渐变小,呈现面积越大、误差越小、精度越高的趋势。