福建省林业发展区划三级分区技术研究

通过对福建省林业发展区划三级分区的生态区位、森林生产力、地貌地形、气候特征、社会经济、林地环境等主要因子的调查,分析影响全省林地生产力布局的主导因子,对所采集的主导因子数据进行标准化处理后,应用系统聚类和有序样本聚类2种聚类分析方法分析和对比,以此划分福建省林业发展区划三级区,提出各三级区林业发展功能定位与对策措施。     

东乌珠穆沁旗林地资源对草原生态环境的影响

文章通过对东乌珠穆沁旗林地资源及其质量的分析,研究林地资源的发展对保护草原牧区生态环境的重要作用。     

Dynamic riparian buffer widths from potential non-point source pollution areas in forested watersheds

Efforts to manage National Forests in the USA for wood production, while protecting water quality, are currently constrained by models that do not address the temporal dynamics of variable non-point source (NPS) areas. NPS areas are diffuse sources of contaminants contributed mostly by runoff as a result of different land use activities. Riparian vegetative buffers are often used to control contaminants from NPS areas but defining suitable widths require different policy considerations. In this study, the approach for defining suitable buffer widths is to apply a distributed process-based model that predicts potential NPS areas prone to generating runoff in relation to overland flow distances. A case study of the concept was applied to the 72 km² Pete King watershed located in the Clearwater National Forest (CNF) in central Idaho, USA. This grid modeling approach is based on a Geographic Information System (GIS) and it integrates the soil moisture routing (SMR) model with probabilistic analysis. The SMR model is a daily water balance model that simulates the hydrology of forested watersheds using real or stochastically generated climate data, a digital elevation model, soil, and land use data. The probabilistic analysis incorporates the variability of soil depth and accounts for uncertainties associated with the prediction of NPS areas using Monte Carlo simulation. A 1-year simulation for the case study location was performed to examine the spatial and temporal changes in NPS areas prone to generating runoff. The results of the simulation indicate that the seasonal variability of saturated areas determines the spatial dynamics of the potential NPS pollution. Use of this model for the design of riparian buffer widths would increase the effectiveness of decision-making in forest management and planning by mapping or delineating NPS areas likely to transport contaminants to perennial surface water bodies.     

Gradient analysis of an eastern sand savanna's woody vegetation,and its long-term responses to restored fire processes

Little information is available comparing historic and modern sand savannas, and how remnants respond to restored fire. We compared short- and long-term effects of restored fire on the Tefft Savanna, a 197 ha eastern sand savanna in northwest Indiana that had undergone three decades of fire protection. U.S. Public Land Survey data from Tefft in 1833 indicate black and white oak barrens, and pin oak savanna, with trees averaging 50 stems/ha and 4 m²/ha basal area. We used ordination and a digital elevation model to assess topographic distribution of tree species in 1986. In 1986, we also compared initial effects of high- and low-intensity dormant season fire on woody vegetation among nine blocks containing black oak, white oak, and pin oak stands. Twenty years later, we compared the same blocks, all of which had been burned three times per decade with low-intensity fires. In 1986, black oak, white oak and pin oak occurred across a gradient of decreasing elevation and slope. At that time, unburned black oak and white oak stands averaged >400 stems/ha and about 10 m²/ha basal area, and their smaller size classes contained non-oak woody vegetation that apparently had invaded with fire exclusion. After initial burns, black oak and white oak stands receiving high-intensity fire averaged <200 stems/ha and had significantly lower oak canopy cover and basal area than unburned stands. Stands receiving low-intensity fire had intermediate oak canopy cover, with basal area similar to unburned stands. Pin oak stands were more fire-resistant, apparently because spring flooding often reduced fire effects. Density, cover and basal area of non-oak tree species were much lower than oaks, and were not reduced by initial burning. Repeated low-intensity burning over 20 years tended to maintain structure caused by initial fires. However, it reduced lower size class stem densities, promoted post-fire sprouting into the shrub layer, and allowed oak basal area to increase in larger size classes. Time since fire regulated shrub layer structure on a 4-year cycle. Density and cover of trees and shrubs returned to pre-burn conditions by the second and fourth growing seasons after fire, respectively, with non-oak tree species exceeding pre-burn cover and density by the fourth season. These results suggest that high-intensity fire is more important than repeated low-intensity burning in structuring and restoring eastern sand savanna, and that non-oak tree species, once established, may be resistant to low-intensity fire.     

北京市居住区植物造景初探

居住区是人居环境最直接的空间，其环境的建设应以改善和维护小区生态平衡为宗旨，以人与自然共存为目标。通过分析北京市回龙观风雅园小区、塞纳维拉小区、亚运新新家园等6个住宅区绿化现状、景观现状、功能要求、人文环境，提出了住宅区的植物配置模式。     

陕西省渭北渍涝灾害问题及对策

渭河下游发生洪涝灾害后,渭北渍涝灾害的危害性引起各级领导和群众的关注。从渭北渍涝灾害治理的现状和存在问题的实际出发,结合当地排水工程的现状,讨论了今后如何更好地预防治理渍涝灾害,提出了有关对策措施及建议。     

森林生态系统类型自然保护区功能区划探讨

分析了我国目前在保护区功能区划技术方面存在的问题。针对森林生态系统类型自然保护区,提出以森林小班为基本区划单元、完善判别分析指标体系、提高相关利益群体参与性的功能区划分思路。     

我国自然保护区功能区划现状与展望

自然保护区是对野生动植物及其生境等进行就地保护最有效的方式,其功能区划是实现自然保护区可持续发展的重要途径。文中总结了我国自然保护区功能区划现状,以期促进我国自然保护区的规范化建设和管理。目前,我国自然保护区功能区划存在功能区缺失、缓冲区设置不合理和分区片段化等问题。实验区平均比例也要高于核心区和缓冲区,超过其总面积的1/3。在功能区划调整时,超过一半的自然保护区调减了其总面积。功能区划调整的主要原因涉及保护区与周边社区关系、保护区内工程建设项目和矿产资源开发等。未来自然保护区功能区划分或调整应更多地关注于其管理目标、连通性、最小面积、与相邻保护区的协调、功能分区的有效性以及相关科学理论的验证等。     

辽西干旱丘陵区竹节壕整地对造林成活率影响的研究

辽宁省西部干旱低山丘陵区人工造林成活率较低影响辽西干地区植被恢复与重建,为探索这一生态问题,进行了采取竹节壕整地方式对土壤含水量、造林成活率影响相关试验研究。结果表明,采取竹节壕整地技术措施,对提高造林成活率及促进幼树生长具有显的作用,土壤含水量提高58．8％～64．3％,造林成活率可提高41．5％～45．9％,幼树高生长提高158％以上。     

The nameless counterpart: a reconstruction of the experiences of private forestry extension officers with their clients

The changes to the forest ownership structure of small private forests in recent times have opened up an intensive field of research throughout Europe. Most of the studies completed to date adhere to the classic survey model and describe the behaviour and attitudes of forest owners. The research presented in this article analyses the changes to small private forests with the aid of data collected from focus groups comprised of forestry extension officers in Germany. Through the reconstruction of the experiences gleaned by the consultants, it was possible to describe the manner in which they characterise their clientele, and the changes they have observed, against the backdrop of changes occurring across rural areas. The consultants’ strategies for describing forest owners are presented. The orientation pattern presented by the extension officers is compared with the urban orientation of forest owners’ model developed by social scientists.