大棚番茄连续定位套蒜第3年度土壤微生物数量和酶活性的变化

【目的】明确大棚番茄连续定位套蒜第3年度土壤微生物数量和酶活性的变化及其相关性。【方法】试验设单作番茄、套作大蒜、套作青蒜3个处理,定期采集土样并分析微生物数量和酶活性的变化。【结果】套蒜可增加土壤的微生物数量,3个处理土壤微生物数量由多到少的顺序为套作青蒜>套作大蒜>单作番茄;与单作番茄相比,连续3年套蒜能显著提高土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶4种酶的活性,过氧化氢酶活性表现为套作大蒜>套作青蒜>单作番茄,蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性表现为套作青蒜>套作大蒜>单作番茄。套作大蒜和青蒜的土壤微生物数量与酶活性的相关性以及不同土壤酶之间的相关性较单作番茄土壤更显著。【结论】大棚番茄套蒜是丰富土壤微生物多样性和酶活性的有效措施,连续3年定位套蒜可以改善大棚番茄连作带来的土壤微生物数量少、土壤酶活性低的问题。     

Soil nitrate dynamics in relation to nitrogen source and landscape position in Malawi

Nitrogen is normally the nutrient most limiting production of maize (Zea mays) — the main staple food crop — in southern Africa. We conducted a field study to determine the effect of N sources on soil nitrate dynamics at three landscape positions in farmers' fields in southern Malawi. The landscape positions were dambo valley or bottomland, dambo margin, and steep slopes. The N sources were calcium ammonium nitrate fertilizer applied at 120 kg N ha^–1, biomass from Sesbania sesban, and no added N. Sesbania biomass was produced in situ in the previous season from sesbania relay cropped with maize. Nitrate in the topsoil (0 to 15 cm depth) increased to 85 days after maize planting (mean = 48 kg N ha^–1) and then decreased markedly. Application of N fertilizer and sesbania biomass increased soil nitrate, and nitrate-N in topsoil correlated positively with amount of incorporated sesbania biomass. The strongest correlation between sesbania biomass added before maize planting and topsoil nitrate was observed at 85 days after maize planting. This suggests that the sesbania biomass (mean N content = 2.3%) mineralized slowly. Inorganic N accumulated in the subsoil at the end of the maize cropping season when N fertilizer and sesbania were applied. This study demonstrated the challenges associated with moderate quality organic N sources produced in smallholder farmer's fields. Soil nitrate levels indicated that N was released by sesbania residues in the first year of incorporation, but relay cropping of sesbania with maize may need to be supplemented with appropriately timed application of N fertilizer.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Nitrogen fixation efficiency,interspecies N transfer,and root growth in barley-field pea intercrop on a Black Chernozemic soil

Summary Barley-field pea intercrops have been shown to increase N yield when grown under cryoboreal subhumid conditions. In this study, we extended previous research by testing the hypotheses that (1) the intercropped field pea fixes a greater proportion of its shoot and root N than does sole-cropped field pea; (2) N is transferred from the annual legume to the cereal during the growing season; and (3) root production is greater under intercropped than sole-cropped conditions. Unconfined microplots seeded to barley, field peas, or a barley-field pea intercrop were fertilized with N at 10 kg ha^-1 as (NH₄)₂SO₄ (5.21 atom % ¹⁵N excess). Both the intercropped and sole-cropped barley derived more than 93% of their N from the soil. In contrast, 40% of N in the intercropped field pea was derived from soil. This study provided no evidence for transfer of N from the legume to the cereal. On average, the proportion of N derived from air by both pea intercrops was 39% higher than that derived by the sole-cropped pea. Root length determined by a grid intersection method following digitization using an image analyzer tended to be higher under intercropping than in sole crops. We conclude that even on fertile soils benefits may accrue from annual intercropping that includes a legume. The benefits arise from (1) increased N production, (2) greater N-fixation efficiency, and/or (3) more shoot and root residue-N mineralization for subsequent crops.     

不同滴灌带布设方式对苹果-大豆间作系统土壤化感物质与微生物的影响

为探究不同滴灌带布设方式对果农间作系统土壤酚酸类物质、酶活性和微生物分布特性影响，初步探明间作滴灌条件下，土壤酚酸类物质与土壤生物因子的相互关系。以晋西黄土区典型的苹果—大豆间作系统为研究对象，设置3种(L1、L2、L3)滴灌带间距，分析不同水分分布下土壤酚酸类物质、酶活性和微生物数量的空间分布变化，并在相关性基础上利用逐步回归模型，分析3个土壤因子之间的相互关系。结果表明：除苯甲酸和间苯三酚外，滴灌带间距对酚酸类物质分布影响显著(p<0.05),除过氧化氢酶外，滴灌带间距对酶活性、微生物数量分布有显著影响(p<0.05)。在垂直方向上，不同滴灌带布设方式使酚酸更多地分布在深层土壤，微生物数量和部分酶活性在L1、L2处理中随土层加深而先减后增；在水平方向上，不同滴灌带布设方式对土壤酚酸类物质、细菌和真菌分布影响与间作对照处理一致，随距树距离增加而增加。滴灌条件下，除对羟基苯甲酸外，酚酸类物质受脲酶、过氧化氢酶和放线菌的抑制作用显著，间作处理土壤酚酸总量较单作有所减少。L1处理土壤酶活性、微生物总量最高，L2处理土壤酚酸类物质累积量最低。其中L2处理在酚酸累积量最低的基础上，...