高标准农田建设区域划定与项目区选址研究

以河南省新郑市为例,基于GIS和改进突变级数模型相结合的方法测度高标准农田建设的适宜性和空间稳定性指数,并以耦合协调度模型统筹适宜性和空间稳定性,从而明确高标准农田建设的区域,在此基础上通过冷热点分析遴选高标准农田建设项目区。结果表明,研究区较为适宜开展高标准农田建设,优先建设区、重点建设区、全面整治建设区和不宜建设区的面积分别为27 004.83、17 040.40、4 361.16、5 761.55 hm2。其中优先建设区应大力发展特色优质安全高效现代农业,重点建设区以整治项目为依托提升利用效率和效益,全面整治建设区以优化耕地布局和提升潜力为主,不宜建设区应注重修复提升地力、增强防灾抗灾能力。通过冷热点分析高标准农田建设的适宜性和空间稳定性耦合协调度在空间上的联系模式,实现了快速识别高标准农田建设项目区,结合研究区实际遴选了10个高标准农田建设项目区。同时,基于障碍度模型诊断识别各项目区的主要障碍因素,从而有针对性地指导各项目区有序开展高标准农田建设活动。     

模糊综合评价下的鲜活农产品配送绩效评价

由于鲜活农产品不同于其它产品,因此对其绩效评价也就有别于其它产品,文章通过构建三级指标体系,应用模糊综合评价方法,结合群组层次制定各因素权重设计了一套关于农产品配送绩效评价的模型。通过对案例结果客观分析,为物流中心鲜活农产配送提供了改进思路和方法。     

基于随机森林的玉米发育程度自动测量方法

为提高玉米果穗发育程度检测的自动化程度与精度,提出一种基于机器视觉技术的测量方法。在随机森林机器学习算法的基础上构造秃尖、干瘪和籽粒区域的识别模型。该模型由多个独立同分布的弱分类器构成,对输入的训练样本进行列和行两个方向上的随机采样。比较随机森林模型和决策树模型的分类效果可知随机森林模型有效避免了过拟合和局部收敛现象的产生,并具有良好的推广能力。为确定最优的弱分类器数目,选择弱分类器个数为训练样本数量的1/80、1/40、1/20、1/10、1/5、1/4时分别构建随机森林分类器。研究结果表明,当随机森林中弱分类器个数为训练样本数量的1/20时,模型的识别率与稳定性最好。然后,以最优的随机森林模型作为分类器构建玉米果穗不同发育程度自动检测方法。试验结果表明,各区域长度测量的准确性均在95%以上,测量速度可达30个/min以上。     

Deficit irrigation based on drought tolerance and root signalling in potatoes and tomatoes

Agriculture is a big consumer of fresh water in competition with other sectors of the society. Within the EU-project SAFIR new water-saving irrigation strategies were developed based on pot, semi-field and field experiments with potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and processing tomatoes as model plants. From the pot and semi-field experiments an ABA production model was developed for potatoes to optimize the ABA signalling; this was obtained by modelling the optimal level of soil drying for ABA production before re-irrigation in a crop growth model. The field irrigation guidelines were developed under temperate (Denmark), Mediterranean (Greece, Italy) and continental (Serbia, China) climatic conditions during summer. The field investigations on processing tomatoes were undertaken only in the Po valley (North Italy) on fine, textured soil. The investigations from several studies showed that gradual soil drying imposed by deficit irrigation (DI) or partial root zone drying irrigation (PRD) induced hydraulic and chemical signals from the root system resulting in partial stomatal closure, an increase in photosynthetic water use efficiency, and a slight reduction in top vegetative growth. Further PRD increased N-mineralization significantly beyond that from DI, causing a stay-green effect late in the growing season. In field potato and tomato experiments the water-saving irrigation strategies DI and PRD were able to save about 20-30% of the water used in fully irrigated plants. PRD increased marketable yield in potatoes significantly by 15% due to improved tuber size distribution. PRD increased antioxidant content significantly by approximately 10% in both potatoes and fresh tomatoes. Under a high temperature regime, full irrigation (FI) should be undertaken, as was clear from field observations in tomatoes. For tomatoes full irrigation should be undertaken for cooling effects when the night/day average temperature >26.5 °C or when air temperature >40 °C to avoid flower-dropping. The temperature threshold for potatoes is not clear. From three-year field drip irrigation experiments we found that under the establishment phase, both potatoes and tomatoes should be fully irrigated; however, during the later phases deficit irrigation might be applied as outlined below without causing significant yield reduction:

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Potatoes

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After the end of tuber initiation, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

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Fresh tomatoes

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From the moment the 1st truce is developed, DI is applied at 85-80% of FI for two weeks. In the middle period, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

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Processing tomatoes

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From transplanting to fruit setting at 4th-5th cluster, the PRD and DI threshold for re-irrigation is when the plant-available soil water content (ASWC) equals 0.7 (soil water potential, Ψ_soil = −90 kPa). During the late fruit development/ripening stage, 10% of red fruits, the threshold for re-irrigation for DI is when ASWC = 0.5 (Ψ_soil = −185 kPa) and for PRD when ASWC (dry side) = 0.4 (Ψ_{soil, dry side} = −270 kPa).

The findings during the SAFIR project might be used as a framework for implementing water-saving deficit irrigation under different local soil and climatic conditions.     

深圳市裸露山体缺口景观影响程度研究

遍地开花的采石场严重影响深圳城市景观 ,应用专家打分及综合评判法并结合地理信息系统对深圳市裸露山体缺口的景观影响度进行了分析 ,结果表明 ,影响缺口景观影响度的主要因子为交通因子、可视面积因子和视距因子 ,其中交通因子是主导因子 ,并计算出不同因子任意组合时的景观影响度 ,为裸露山体缺口水土保持生态环境建设提供科学依据。     

田间低矿化水灌溉的土壤盐碱化过程的探讨

本文探讨了田间低矿化水灌溉的土壤盐碱化生态过程，结　果表明：无论在水平方向还是垂直方向上，随着灌溉水矿化度的增加，带入土体中的ＮａＨＣＯ３增多，从而引起土壤ｐＨ，全盐，ＨＣＯ３－，ＥＳＰ及ＳＡＲ逐渐升高．因灌溉水是以ＮａＨＣＯ３　为其主要成分，除Ｎａ＋、ＨＣＯ３－增多外，其余Ｃａ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋、Ｃｌ－、ＳＯ４　２－总量变化不大．小麦采用畦灌的灌水量比玉米的埯灌大得多，带入的盐碱物质相应　增多，造成盐碱化的速度快于玉米田．在田间条件下，盐化和碱化的安全灌溉水矿化度分别　为２．５ｇ／Ｌ和１．５ｇ／Ｌ．     

STUDY OF DETERMINING THE DEGREE OF GRAPHITIZING OF COKE WITH X-RAY DIFFRACTION METHOD

In the paper, the process of determining the degree of graphiti-zing of metallurgy coke with X-ray diffraction method was discussed. The extrapolation was used in order to obtain the interplanar distance. of (002) crystaloface of metallurgy coke. The finding showed that the dmax. wasn''t 3.44A, butO4.31A. A rational formula which could be used to characterize the degree of gra-phitizing of metallurgy coke was found.     

水资源紧缺条件下系统节水价值的矩阵模型研究

影响系统节水价值的因素很多,如系统的结构型式、产业结构型式、节水成本、节水技术水平、节水量、水资源价值量等,合理地量化分析计算各要素在价值形成中的贡献大小,把这些因素的复杂关系概括成矩阵形式,形成3个矩阵,从而构建了系统节水价值的矩阵模型。     

施氮和间作对蚕豆根瘤形成及氮素吸收累积的影响

为探究不同施氮水平下小麦蚕豆间作对蚕豆根瘤形成及氮素吸收累积的影响,明确氮肥施用与豆科作物结瘤固氮、氮素吸收累积和产量的关系,通过2年田间试验,分析了N0、N1、N2和N3 4个施氮水平（蚕豆：0、45、90、135kg/hm²;小麦：0、90、180、270kg/hm²）下,单作、间作蚕豆各关键生育期根瘤鲜重、氮素吸收关键参数、地上部氮素累积量和产量的特征。结果表明,N0、N1和N2水平下,间作蚕豆根瘤鲜重比单作分别提高40.9%、27.2%和34.1%;高氮（N3）水平下,单作、间作蚕豆根瘤鲜重无显著差异。与单作相比,4个施氮水平下间作蚕豆的最大氮素累积量（A）和最大氮素吸收速率（R_max）降幅分别为8.01%~13.93%和10.27%~12.98%,表明氮素吸收累积特点与根瘤鲜重相反。在蚕豆营养生长阶段（出苗后90d内）,单作、间作蚕豆氮素累积量无差异;进入结荚期后（出苗90d后）,间作显著降低了蚕豆的氮素累积量。同时,蚕豆产量也受施氮量和种植模式的调控,与单作相比,4个施氮水平下,间作降低蚕豆产量平均达20.66%。整体而言,在N1水平下,蚕豆根瘤鲜重和产量达最大值,随着施氮量增加,蚕豆根瘤鲜重、氮素累积量和产量均随之降低,间作促进根瘤形成的优势减弱甚至消失。因此,间作体系中蚕豆氮肥的运筹与间作优势的形成密切相关。     

生计资本视角下农户土地承包权调整方式认可度研究

农户是土地承包权调整方式的“践行者”,也是调整效果的“检验者”,探究其认可度对相关政策的制定与可持续发展实施至关重要。基于江西省510份农户的调查数据,从生计资本视角运用Ordered Logit模型,就农户土地承包权调整方式认可度及影响因素展开研究分析。研究发现：（1）样本农户生计资本总值与各项生计资本指数都较低,五大生计资本指数存在显著差异性,其中生计资本指数最高、自然资本指数最低。（2）人力资本中,文化程度、是否有非农技能和家人健康状况都呈显著影响;自然资本中,承包地面积呈显著正向影响;物质资本中,货车数量呈显著负向影响;金融资本中,家庭年收入和贷款难度都呈显著影响;社会资本中,是否有村干部和是否经常参加村会议都呈显著影响。在此结果基础上,提出了要发挥政府主导作用,加大相关宣传,也要因地制宜,在稳定的承包关系下,根据村庄实际情况选择土地承包权调整方式的政策建议。