祁连山南麓地区岩羊死因分析初报

2006年2月18～23日位于祁连山南麓天峻县的生格乡地区，先后有20多只岩羊突然死亡。通过对捕获岩羊的临床检查、栖息地调查和对其周围牧户的访问结果表明：岩羊在短时间大量死亡是多种病原体和作为应激源气候因子（大雪、大风和强烈的太阳光直接照射和雪地反射）的联合作用导致岩羊患传染性角膜结膜炎病失明而从悬崖处摔死的结果，而人类活动导致的生境破碎化加剧了本病的发生、流行和患病动物的死亡。     

Are hedgerows effective corridors between fragments of woodland habitat? An evidence-based approach

Anthropogenic modification of the countryside has resulted in much of the landscape consisting of fragments of once continuous habitat. Increasing habitat connectivity at the landscape-scale has a vital role to play in the conservation of species restricted to such remnant patches, especially as species may attempt to track zones of habitat that satisfy their niche requirements as the climate changes. Conservation policies and management strategies frequently advocate corridor creation as one approach to restore connectivity and to facilitate species movements through the landscape. Here we examine the utility of hedgerows as corridors between woodland habitat patches using rigorous systematic review methodology. Systematic searching yielded 26 studies which satisfied the review inclusion criteria. The empirical evidence currently available is insufficient to evaluate the effectiveness of hedgerow corridors as a conservation tool to promote the population viability of woodland fauna. However, the studies did provide anecdotal evidence of positive local population effects and indicated that some species use hedgerows as movement conduits. More replicated and controlled field investigations or long-term monitoring are required in order to allow practitioners and policy makers to make better informed decisions about hedgerow corridor creation and preservation. The benefits of such corridors in regard to increasing habitat connectivity remain equivocal, and the role of corridors in mitigating the effects of climate change at the landscape-scale is even less well understood.     

Effect of road density on abundance of white-footed mice

While several studies have demonstrated that roads can act as barriers to small mammal movement, the relationship between road density and small mammal abundance has not yet been investigated. In southeastern Ontario, Peromyscus leucopus (white-footed mice) suffer high over-winter mortality rates, resulting in small springtime populations and frequent local extinctions. Peromyscus leucopus movement is known to be inhibited by roads, which should result in lower rates of immigration into and recolonization of habitats in landscapes with high road density. We tested two predictions: (1) Forest sites situated in landscapes with high road densities have a higher chance of P. leucopus being absent during the early spring than forest sites situated in landscapes with low road densities and (2) P. leucopus populations during the summer are smaller in forest sites situated in landscapes with high road densities than in landscapes with low road densities. We sampled P. leucopus in focal patches within nineteen landscapes (7 rural, low-road-density landscapes; 7 rural, high-road-density landscapes; 5 urban landscapes). There was no significant relationship between road density and the presence/absence of P. leucopus during the early spring. We found a significant positive effect of road density on P. leucopus relative abundance during the summer, even when we excluded the urban landscapes and based the analysis on only the 14 rural landscapes. Our results suggest that any negative effect of roads on P. leucopus populations, created by their inhibition to moving across roads, is far outweighed by some positive effect of roads on P. leucopus abundance. We suggest that the two most likely explanations are that roads are positively correlated with an important as-yet-undetermined component of habitat quality, or that roads positively affect P. leucopus by negatively affecting their predators.     

Obstacles to migration constrain nest distribution of Atlantic salmon

Abstract – Programmes of habitat restoration usually assume that the targeted populations will readily colonise the newly provided habitat. However, this assumption may not always hold, and the success of restoration may be impaired if the individuals are driven to aggregate in areas of the habitat already available instead of spreading to new ones. We investigated how weirs situated along a river could drive Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to aggregate their redds and tested whether aggregation intensified at low fish density. For this, we applied spatial point pattern analysis to a data set consisting on the distribution of salmon redds in a small river over 15 years (1992–2006). Within the habitat suitable for spawning, redds were significantly aggregated, especially in the first 15 morphodynamic units below weirs. Our results suggest that the constraint imposed by obstacles on redd distribution should be considered when conducting habitat restoration.     

Fragmentation patterns and systematic transitions of the forested landscape in the upper Amazon region,Ecuador 1990–2008

The analysis of the systematic transitions in the forested landscape and the study of the forest fragmentation patterns allow us to deepen our understanding of the changes in the vegetation ground cover. The importance of knowing the intricate patterns of the land usage of the upper basin of the Amazon region is widely recognized. This zone is one of the most diverse biological areas in the world, is home to large areas of mature tropical cloud forest and demonstrates high probabilities of stable climatic conditions in light of global warming. The research quan- tiffed systematic transitions through the ＂loss＂ and ＂gain＂ of the different categories of landscape during the eighteen-year study period of the Ecuadorian Amazon Region （EAR）, the forest fragmentation patterns were also analyzed based on a set of indicators. Therefore, with respect to the entirety of the landscape, the results registered for the ground coverage in forested areas during the first period （1990-2000）, show a decrease of 6.99% and an increase of 0.68%; and during the second period （2000-2008）, show a decrease of 3.99% and an increase of 2.14%. It demonstrated that forest and agricultural areas tended to replace or be replaced by herbaceous vegetation faster than expected fortuitously. Finally, the indices of fragmentation signaled intense changes during the 1990-2000 period with a reduction during the period 2000-2008. Per- centages registered in the Largest Patch Index （LPI） were between 79.58%; 52.39% and 49.99% respectively; while the Patch Density （PD） varied between 0.04; 0.06 and 0.07. This suggests the propensity of for- est cover to remain intact. The results of this investigation suggest a tendency towards stability in Ecuador＇s Amazon landscape. Within the framework for development and management of this area, the tendency is natural regeneration. This permits a consolidation of the conservation, reforestation, forestation and agricultural forestry plans, programs and systems for the protected areas in EAR.     

基于GIS的云南高黎贡山南段景观变化特征分析

以高黎贡山1974年MSS遥感影像、1987和1997年TM遥感影像和2006年IRS遥感影像以及地形图等相关资料为基础数据,在GIS技术支持下,结合景观生态学原理,从景观格局、森林景观动态变化特征方面对云南高黎贡山南段进行了研究。结果显示,研究区景观的破碎程度随时间推移而增大,景观异质性程度降低,土地利用逐渐趋于单一化,土地的开发程度增加,人类对景观的干扰程度加强;各类森林景观交错镶嵌,分布活跃且形状复杂,分化程度高,具有较高的森林景观异质性和丰富的景观多样性。     

Nubbing of Coral Colonies: A Novel Approach for the Development of Inland Broodstocks

The establishment of large numbers of ramets from any individual coral genet can be used as a valuable source of material for the trade in ornamental marine organisms and in physiological and ecotoxicological studies. Here we discuss the rationale and the applicability of rearing ex situ large numbers of nubbins (minute fragments, down to the size of a single polyp). Nubbins taken from colonies of the branching Red Sea coral Stylophora pistillata show high survivorship under ex situ conditions and fast growth rates (5- to 6-fold increase in polyp numbers within 3 months) of the basal plates which revealed a significant correlation between tissue surface area and polyp numbers. Nubbins from branch tips and mid branches grew at a similar rate, but growth was affected by different light regimens. This approach requires further experimentation to elucidate optimal conditions.     

基于功能分区与多聚类算法集成的耕地细碎化评价及整治

基于图斑尺度的耕地细碎化评价及整治有利于耕地布局优化,促进农业规模化与集约化发展。该研究以耕地图斑为基本评价单元,引入聚合分析来量化图斑间空间位置关系,围绕耕地细碎化内涵选取评价指标;运用热点分析和二步聚类算法来对研究区功能分区,在功能分区基础上,基于带轮廓系数的k-means聚类算法,评价耕地图斑的细碎化程度。结果表明：1）根据功能分区的聚类结果,新北区被划分为不显著区、连片规整区、离散复杂区;2）评价结果将新北区耕地图斑分为3类：类别一,离散破碎类,包含图斑17 332块,平均图斑面积过小,连片度低,图斑面积集中在0～10 000 m2,面积占比21.98%,连片度集中在1～4,主要分布在新北区中心区域;类别二,形状复杂类,包含图斑4 535 块,图斑形状复杂不规整,面积占比9.65%,形状指数集中在1.5～2.5,均匀分布在全区;类别三,连片规整类,包含图斑4 091 块,图斑集中连片、形态规整,面积占比68.37%,连片度集中在5～10,形状指数集中在1～1.5,主要分布在外围区域;并基于各类别耕地细碎化属性差异,提出相应的优化模式和整治意见。研究结果可以为耕地细碎化整治提供一定参考。     

中国东部平原农村居民点破碎化状况与成因分析

农村居民点破碎化导致中国农村地区公共服务设施与市政基础设施建设缺乏规模效益与服务效率,成为制约中国农村地区社会经济发展的重要因素。该研究采用空间分层取样法在中国东部平原地区选择了240个10 km×10 km的样点,以高分辨率遥感影像为数据基础,通过遥感影像目视解译、景观指数分析、热点分析等多种方法对中国东部平原农村居民点破碎化状况及其影响因素进行了研究,并分析了中国东部平原不同地区适宜的农村居民点数量与服务范围。结果表明：1）中国东部平原农村居民点破碎化程度表现为：长江中下游平原>东北平原>华北平原,破碎化程度最高的区域位于长江中下游平原,破碎化程度最低的区域位于华北平原与东北平原北部。2）气候、人口密度、耕作半径、土地开发时序、土地开发时期交通状况等自然、经济、社会因素在中国东部平原地区农村居民点空间分布格局形成过程中发挥着重要作用。3）中国东部平原地区每100 km2农村居民点数量不宜低于3～4个,每个村庄的服务范围不宜超过33.6～45.8 km2。4）华北平原为中国东部平原中开展农村居民点破碎化治理难度最大的区域,该区域尽量避免以整村迁并的形式开展农村居民点破碎化治理,而应以农户为单位,在农民自愿的基础上开展农村居民点迁并;长江中下游平原地区为中国东部平原农村居民点破碎化治理潜力最大的区域,该区域农村居民点布局优化应与农田布局调整协同推进,并根据不同地区耕作通勤状况合理确定中心村数量与位置,避免因农村居民点布局调整导致农民耕作不便。研究结果可为中国东部平原地区乡村空间重构过程中合理确定农村居民点数量与规模提供研究基础。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区耕地细碎化评价与土地整治工程分区——以吴起县为例

为研究黄土丘陵沟壑区耕地细碎化的特征,提高农业机械化水平,以延安市吴起县为研究区,以行政村为单元,基于ArcGIS与Fragstats软件,运用景观指数、地理探测器等方法评价了吴起县的耕地细碎化程度,分析影响因素,并划分土地整治工程分区。结果表明:(1)吴起县耕地综合细碎化程度总体较高,各程度细碎化的行政村数量排序为中度细碎>重度细碎>轻度破碎。轻度细碎化集中分布于吴起县北部,重度细碎化主要分布在中部、南部、西南部,中部地区的重度细碎化呈现出西北—东南走向的条带状。吴起县耕地细碎化的主要类型为面积细碎化,形状细碎化与分布细碎化程度相对较低。(2)吴起县耕地综合细碎化的主要影响因素为高程、坡度、距河流的距离、距农村居民点的距离,影响力大小排序为距河流的距离>坡度>高程>距农村居民点的距离。坡度、距河流距离分别与距农村道路距离、距农村居民点距离有很强的交互作用。(3)基于耕地细碎化评价与影响因素分析结果,划分土地权属调整区、土地平整工程主导区、农田水利工程主导区、农村道路工程主导区、土地工程综合整治区共5个整治工程分区,为吴起县耕地细碎化整治提供方向性引导。可见,吴起县耕地细碎化水平较高,空间异质性较强,主要受地形、水源、耕作便利性等多因素影响,需要以权属调整、土地整治等手段改善。