自然保护区布局监测和生境破碎化监测——以海南铜鼓岭自然保护区为例

建立自然保护区是保护生物多样性的主要方法和手段。我国的自然保护区建设发展得很快,但是仍存在许多困难和问题,当务之急是建立一套完整的自然保护区管理体系、监测体系,组织自然保护区开展资源、生态等方面的监测工作。应用GAP对自然保护区的布局和现状进行分析表明,目前尚未得到有效保护的优先生态系统有27类。并以海南铜鼓岭自然保护区为例,利用RS和GIS技术对自然保护区的生境破碎化进行了监测研究。结果表明研究区生境破碎化程度增加,致使斑块内部物种向外迁移,生物多样性降低。     

生境破碎化对昆虫多样性的影响

介绍了昆虫多样性和生境破碎化的内涵,概述了生境破碎化对昆虫遗传多样性、物种多样性、生态系统多样性的影响。     

若尔盖县景观破碎化及湿地恢复优先性

对四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州若尔盖县1980-2015年湿地景观破碎化及恢复优先性进行研究,以1980、1990、1995、2000、2005、2010和2015年7期土地利用数据为数据源,在ArcGIS与Fragstats软件的支持下,获取景观破碎化及湿地变化信息,实现对若尔盖湿地景观破碎化及湿地动态演变过程的深度分析,在此基础上构建湿地景观演变函数,揭示若尔盖湿地多年变化类型分布,并给出该区域湿地恢复的优先性。结果表明：1）研究区湿地景观破碎化主要表现为斑块平均面积和蔓延度指数的萎缩,斑块密度的上升及香农多样性指数的增大。整个研究时段内,研究区湿地斑块平均面积减少了249.77 hm²,斑块密度上升0.013 hm^-2。2）根据土地利用动态变化的空间涵义,将研究区湿地划分为稳定型、退化型、恢复型和波动型4种类型,研究发现退化型湿地的面积与稳定型湿地相比,是其75.43%,与恢复型湿地相比,是其2.27倍,若尔盖湿地退化严重,亟需进行湿地恢复。3）采用熵值法,以行政乡镇为若尔盖湿地恢复单元,得出若尔盖8个受影响的乡镇中,有2个一级恢复区、3个二级恢复区、3个三级恢复区。三级恢复区（阿西乡、嫩哇乡、达扎寺镇）应当予以优先恢复。     

陕西米仓山自然保护区植被景观分析

以陕西米仓山自然保护区植被图为基础,利用GIS软件将其数字化,并提取各植被景观斑块信息,从植被景观斑块的数量、面积和周长等方面对陕西米仓山自然保护区的植被景观及破碎化程度进行分析。结果表明:落叶阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和落叶阔叶灌丛是该保护区的3个主要景观类型;植被景观斑块数量、面积和周长的分布差异较大;落叶阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和人工林景观的破碎化程度较低,而暖性针叶林、农田、撂荒地和灌草丛景观的破碎化程度较高。     

泥胡菜水提物的体外抗菌作用试验

采用试管预试法和圆形滤纸层析法对泥胡菜的化学成分进行分析,结果表明,泥胡菜含有生物碱、有机酸、蛋白质、多肽、氨基酸、酚性成分、鞣质、糖类等化学成分;用纸片法和试管法对泥胡菜水提取液进行体外抗菌作用试验,结果表明,泥胡菜水提取液对金黄色葡萄球菌、巴氏杆菌、链球菌、沙门菌、大肠埃希菌都有较强的抗菌作用.抑菌圈直径分别为19.66 mm±0.53 mm、13.45 mm±0.21 mm、15.84 mm±1.23 mm、12.78 mm±0.34 mm、12.43 mm±0.52 mm;泥胡菜水提取液对金黄色葡萄球菌、巴氏杆菌、链球菌、沙门菌、大肠埃希菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为0.063、0.125、0.25、0.125、0.25 g/mL.最低杀菌浓度(MBC)分别为0.063、0.25、0.5、0.125、0.25 g/mL.     

文峪河流域景观格局动态及其驱动力分析

以文峪河流域为研究对象,分析流域2000—2018年景观格局数量动态的面积、转移及速度特征.从斑块类型尺度与景观尺度2个层面选取景观指数分析流域近18年的景观格局动态,并在流域尺度上沿城市—林区梯度线分析沿线景观格局指数的梯度分布,基于数量统计模型对景观格局动态驱动力进行研究.结果表明,流域耕地、林地、草地面积有所减少...     

Census and effective population sizes of white‐spotted charr (Salvelinus leucomaenis) in a fragmented landscape

Several habitat models have been proposed to predict population size for stream fishes and to guide habitat assessment and monitoring techniques. However, most models do not incorporate the potential advantage of molecular genetic markers. We conducted a field survey and microsatellite DNA analyses to quantify the relationships among genetic diversity, census/effective population size and habitat variables in fragmented populations of white‐spotted charr (Salvelinus leucomaenis). The census population size significantly increased with the stream length, the number of pools and a pool‐riffle sequence index, a proxy for channel‐unit habitat type complexity within reaches. Population density was correlated with the pool‐riffle sequence index only. Genetic diversity and effective population size were not correlated with the habitat variables or census population size. There was a lack of isolation‐by‐distance population structure in the studied populations. Our results suggest that stream length and the number of pools within reaches associated with habitat complexity are the habitat variables that explain the majority of variation in population size of white‐spotted charr. Our findings provide further evidence that census population size per se is a poor indicator of the inclusive genetic diversity within populations in a fragmented landscape.     

Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) Lekking sites in fragmented Finnish forest landscape

The location of Capercaillie lekking sites was compared in forest mosaics of different level of fragmentation. In north Finland the stand characteristics of the lekking sites did not differ from those of randomly selected stands in the 1950s judged from forestry maps and stand registers. In the 1980s, when forestry had considerably altered stand structure, lekking stands were older, larger and had a higher timber volume than random stands. These features evenly changed from the lek centre to the distance of 4 km, to which distance the adjacent areas were assessed. Southern and central Finnish analyses, based on topographic maps, showed that the proportion of forest distinctly decreased with increasing distance from a lek centre, up to a distance of 1–1.5 km. The average patch size of lekking stands were largest in the north (where both cut areas and remaining stands are large) and smallest in central Finland dominated by fine‐grained forest landscape. The results are discussed in terms of landscape ecology and forestry planning.     

Characterizing the complexity of landscape boundaries by remote sensing

This paper presents a method for characterizing the complexity of landscape boundaries by remote sensing. This characterization is supported by a new boundary typology, that takes into account points where three or more landcovers converge (i.e., convergency points or coverts). Landscape boundary richness and diversity indices were proposed and calculated over 19 landscapes in South-East Brazil. Results showed that landscape boundaries, especially convergency points, provided an enrichment in landscape pattern analysis. Landcover boundary diversities were significantly related to landcover shape: elongated riparian units had the highest values for boundary diversity and coverts proportion indices. On the other hand, landscape analysis showed that indices of shape, richness, diversity and coverts proportion provided an additional evaluation of landcover spatial distribution within the landscape.     

Phylogeography and conservation of the populations of Zootoca vivipara carniolica

The lizard Zootoca vivipara has both oviparous and viviparous populations which belong to distinct clades. This study aims to elucidate the geographic distribution, phylogeography and conservation priority of the oviparous subspecies, Zootoca vivipara carniolica, that has recently been identified in Slovenia. We studied seven Slovenian populations, two northeastern Italian populations and five northwestern Italian populations. The seven cytochrome b haplotypes that we identified from the Slovenian and Italian oviparous populations form a monophyletic basal clade. The high homogeneity of the Slovenian and northeastern Italian populations (nucleotide diversity π=0.06%) is a striking contrast with the pattern observed in northwest Italy where each of the five populations studied presents a private haplotype (π=1.03%). The results obtained suggest that all the extant lineages of Z. v. carniolica have originated in an Italian refuge. The reproductive and phylogenetic distinctiveness of Z. v. carniolica clearly justifies conservation of its populations, especially in Italy where the highest genetic diversity and the most ancestral haplotype were observed.