沙棘组培苗生根过程中内源激素含量的变化

[目的]研究内源激素在沙棘组培苗生根过程中的作用。[方法]对沙棘组培苗生根过程中内源激素IAA、GA3、ZR、ABA的含量变化进行研究。[结果]不定根形成过程中植物内源激素发生深刻变化。根原基启动时期,IAA含量达到峰值,根原基形成之后其含量降到较低水平;GA3、ZR和ABA在根原基启动时含量均降低,而后都有回升。[结论]高的IAA水平,低的GA3、ZR、ABA水平有利于沙棘组培苗不定根的形成。     

The effect of genotype and culture medium on somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from mature embryos of fourteen apomictic cultivars of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.)

Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) is an important apomictic grass used as forage for ruminant livestock. Biotechnological methods provide opportunities for producing new germplasm. Mature embryos of fourteen buffel grass apomictic cultivars (2n = 4x = 36) were used to induce embryogenic callus formation using a basal medium supplemented with 3% sucrose and with the testing of five concentrations of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) and four concentrations of 6‐benzylaminopurine (BAP). The effects of cultivar and culture medium on callus induction and plant regeneration were evaluated. Significant differences were observed among the fourteen cultivars and the five concentrations of 2,4‐D (P < 0·01). Values for embryogenic callus production varied from 0 to 86·7. Most cultivars showed the highest level of embryogenic callus production on the medium with the concentration of 3 mg L^?1 2,4‐D. The addition of different BAP concentrations in combination with 2,4‐D in the medium inhibited embryogenic callus growth and did not permit plant regeneration. The data clearly demonstrated that the genotype and concentrations of 2,4‐D had significant effects both on the frequency of embryonic callus formation from mature embryos and on the subsequent efficiency of plant regeneration of apomictic cultivars of buffel grass. Cultivars Biloela and Nunbank showed the greatest efficiency in in vitro culture response.     

种植密度对水稻群体质量和产量形成的影响

以杂交水稻广两优476为材料,研究了不同种植密度对水稻群体质量以及产量形成的影响。结果表明,采用株行距为13.3 cm×30.0 cm(D2)的种植密度,经济产量达到9.9 t/hm~2,产量分别较株行距16.7cm×30.0 cm(D4)和10.0 cm×30.0 cm(D1)处理的提高14.5%和7.3%;与D3无显著差异;D2具有较优的群体质量,主要表现为群体茎蘖数和叶面积指数(LAI)适中,冠层功能叶有较高的叶绿素含量和光合速率,比叶重较大,群体透光性好,下部黄叶少。值得关注的是D3处理种植密度与D2相似,D3处理只是采取了宽窄行的种植规格(宽行40.0 cm、窄行20.0 cm),其群体质量也表现出与D2相似的规律。研究结果还表明,构建适当规模的群体,发挥杂交水稻个体分蘖能力强的优势,提高冠层的光合功能,是发掘杂交水稻生产潜力、取得高产的有效途径。     

棉花芦管育苗新技术研究Ⅳ.芦管育苗移栽对棉花产量形成影响研究初报

盆栽和小区试验结果表明,芦管育苗移栽棉的果枝、现蕾和铃数增长在早期显著低于营养钵育苗移栽棉,中后期则增长较快,逐渐赶上和接近对照;蕾、铃脱落则明显少于对照;单铃重及籽棉产量均无明显差异;芦管育苗移栽棉伏桃和早秋桃的铃壳重较低,棉铃经济系数较高,利于棉花经济高效形成.对芦管育苗移栽棉优质高产栽培实践具有重要指导意义.     

双季晚粳稻氮肥精确运筹研究

【目的】我国南方双季稻区晚稻品种以籼稻为主。近年来我国粳米需求量逐渐增大,研究者提出了利用南方双季稻区充足的温光等资源进行晚季稻籼改粳以提高粳稻总产量。系统研究双季晚粳稻高产、优质和高效的氮肥运筹方式就显得十分重要。【方法】 2011~2012年,在南方典型双季稻区江西省上高县泗溪镇,以杂交粳稻常优5号和甬优8号为晚稻材料,在总施纯氮量 225 kg/hm2 条件下,设置10∶0、8∶2、7∶3、6∶4、5∶5、4∶6、3∶7 七种基蘖肥与穗肥运筹比例,通过研究不同氮肥运筹方式对双季晚粳稻产量及其构成因素、叶面积指数、茎蘖动态、光合物质生产与积累、氮 素吸收利用以及稻米品质等方面的影响,明确了南方稻区双季晚粳稻氮肥精确运筹模式。【结果】 随基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的降低,结实率、千粒重和每穗粒数呈先增加后减少的趋势,穗数呈减少趋势。氮肥基蘖肥与穗肥比例在6∶4、7∶3范围内,双季晚粳稻群体穗数充足、穗型大、群体颖花量高,且结实率和千粒重较稳定,产量显著高于其他处理,最高产量为9985 kg/hm2。拔节前群体茎蘖数增加较慢,但高峰苗数适宜,拔节后群体茎蘖数下降平缓,茎蘖成穗率显著高于其他处理,高于70%;生育中期和后期,群体叶面积指数较高,群体光合势高,光合生产力强,干物质积累量显著提高。随基蘖肥占总施氮量比例降低,成熟期氮素积累总量、氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学利用率及氮肥偏生产力均呈先增加后减少的趋势,百公斤稻谷需氮量呈先减少后增加的趋势。6∶4和7∶3处理拔节前氮素积累量较少,拔节至抽穗期氮素积累量和成熟期积累量显著高于其他处理。6∶4和7∶3处理氮肥表观利用率、农学利用率及偏生产力显著高于其他处理,百公斤稻谷需氮量显著低于其他处理。氮肥表观利用率 与基蘖肥比例呈开口向下的二次曲线关系。同时该氮肥运筹模式可改善稻米加工品质、蒸煮食味和营养品质,但增加了稻米垩白率和垩白度,RVA谱特征值各指标不能同时达到最佳值。【结论】基蘖肥∶ 穗肥为 6∶4、7∶3的氮肥运筹方案,可使双季晚粳稻高产、优质、高效得到较好的协调统一。     

Lightwood induction in Pinus sylvestris by means of mechanical wounding

In a field experiment the influence of different girdling patterns like wide girdling, longitudinal debarking, debarking with one or several bridges, narrow girdling and bark crushing on resin soaked wood formation (lightwood) in Pinus sylvestris L. trees was investigated. Four years after treatment the concentrations of total extractives and resin acids were measured. It is shown that treatment methods differently affected concentrations of total extractives and resin acids. Longitudinal debarking with a wide bridge and debarking with several narrow bridges were the most successful methods for lightwood induction.     

超级杂交稻的生长发育和产量形成特性研究

选用4个籼型超级杂交稻组合Ⅱ优602、准两优527、协优9308和国稻1号为试验材料,以汕优63为对照,对超级杂交稻的生长发育和产量形成特性进行了研究。结果表明:超级杂交稻具有最高分蘖数低、分蘖成穗率高、有效库容量和齐穗后干物质积累量大、收获指数高等特点;在成都平原生态区,增加有效穗数和每穗实粒数是实现超级杂交稻高产的重要途径;在水稻生长前期积累合理的总生物量,提高生育后期群体质量,增强生育后期光合生产能力和提高茎鞘物质向穗部的运转效率是实现超级杂交稻高产的关键。     

山东省小麦孢囊线虫冬前侵染调查

为探讨禾谷孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae, CCN)在山东省麦田的寒冬前孵出和侵染情况,于2014和2015年12月份在山东省部分地区分别对48和65个CCN病田进行了抽样调查.调查结果表明,2014和2015年在部分病田CCN有2龄幼虫(J2)孵出,孵出病田率分别为75.0%和93.8%.2014年在菏泽、德州、聊城和泰安部分病田有CCN J2对小麦根系的侵入以及少量白色雌虫的产生, 各地累计J2侵入和雌虫形成的病田率分别为18.8%和10.4%.2015年在菏泽、聊城和青岛部分病田有CCN J2对小麦根系的侵入、3龄幼虫(J3)和4龄幼虫(J4)的发育以及少量白色雌虫的产生,各地累计J2侵入、J3+J4发育和雌虫形成的病田率分别为7.7%、7.7%和1.5%.CCN的冬前侵染在山东省不同地区的发生存在差异,在菏泽、聊城和德州CCN的冬前侵染明显高于其他地区.     

Disruption of Cerevisin via Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated transformation affects microsclerotia formation and virulence of Verticillium dahliae

Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated transformation (ATMT) was used to obtain a large number of Verticillium dahliae (Vd991) T‐DNA insertion mutants that were randomly integrated. Insertion mutants that produced significantly fewer microsclerotia were chosen for further analysis. Mutant T0065 was identified as having the Cerevisin gene interrupted by T‐DNA, and it was named cerevisin. The cerevisin protein showed a high amino acid sequence similarity with the vacuolar protease B. The mutant strain cerevisin displayed decreased production of microsclerotia and conidia, significantly reduced growth rate and reduction in virulence compared to the wild type. Moreover, the composition of secreted proteins differed between the cerevisin mutant and the wild type. Loss of function of Cerevisin decreased secretion of proteins of low molecular weight (14–25 kDa). Upon treatment with the secreted proteins of the mutant, the degree of leaf wilting decreased, indicating that Cerevisin is implicated in production of these proteins, which are putative pathogenicity factors of V. dahliae. The results suggest that Cerevisin is involved in controlling multiple processes of development and metabolism, plays an important role in vegetative growth and microsclerotia formation and affects virulence of V. dahliae.     

Intra-annual stem diameter growth of Tamarix ramosissima and association with hydroclimatic factors in the lower reaches of China’s Heihe River

High-resolution observations of cambial phenology and intra-annual growth dynamics are useful approaches for understanding the response of tree growth to climate and environmental change. During the past two decades, rapid socioeconomic development has increased the demand for water resources in the oases of the middle reaches of the Heihe River in northwestern China, and the lower reaches of the Heihe River have changed from a perennial river to an ephemeral stream with a decreased and degraded riparian zone. Tamarisk（Tamarix ramosissima） is the dominant shrub species of the desert riparian forest. In this study, the daily and seasonal patterns of tamarisk stem diameter growth, including the main period of tree ring formation, were examined. Observations concerning the driving forces of growth changes, along with implications for the ecology of the dendrohydrological area and management of desert riparian forests in similar arid regions, are also presented. The diurnal-seasonal activity of stem diameter and the dynamics of growth ring formation were studied using a point dendrometer and micro-coring methods during the 2012 growing season in shrub tamarisk in a desert riparian forest stand in the lower reaches of the Heihe River in Ejin Banner, Inner Mongolia of northwestern China. Generally, the variation in diurnal diameter of tamarisk was characterized by an unstable multi-peak pattern, with the cumulative stem diameter growth over the growing season following an S-shaped curve. The period from late May to early August was the main period of stem diameter growth and growth-ring formation. Among all of the hydroclimatic factors considered in this study, only groundwater depth was significantly correlated with stem diameter increment during this period. Therefore, for the dendrochronological study, the annual rings of the tamarisk can be used to reconstruct processes that determine the regional water regime, such as river runoff and fluctuations in groundwater depth. For the management of desert riparian for