农业高校产学研结合难点及其成因探讨

农业高校产学研结合的制约因素较多,就其难点来看,既有科研过程本身的问题:主要包括不规范的项目运作,游离于市场需求之外的科研模式以及科研浮躁等;又有科研成果的质量问题:主要包括有效成果较少、技术缺乏创新和配套技术不完善等。     

Vegetative propagation of Beta vulgaris by leaf cuttings

Summary Leaf cuttings without axillary buds were made from young vegetative beet plants. Roots were formed at the petiole end. Adventitious bud formation occurred at a very low frequency and could not be stimulated by application of growth regulators. Leaf cuttings with axillary buds formed plants at a higher frequency but development of buds into shoots was slow and irregular. As no vascular connections were found between petiole and axillary bud, the slow growth of the buds was attributed to insufficient supply of assimilates from the leaves. Axillary buds rapidly developed into shoots when petiole explants with buds were placed on culture media. Nearly all cultures, however, were contaminated with bacteria that originated from the inner tissue of the explants.     

The reproductive biology of three perennial Sesbania species (Leguminosae)

Summary The reproductive biology of Sesbania sesban, S. goetzei and S. keniensis (Leguminosae; Papilionoideae) was studied. Fifty percent flowering was observed at 102 to 153 days after germination for S. sesban accessions; 96 to 146 days for S. goetzei and 131 to 176 days for S. keniensis accessions. Flowers opened in the afternoon and remained fresh for 2–3 days. Bee species including Xylocopa sp., Apis mellifera, Megachile bituberculata and Chalicodoma sp. visited the flowers. Hand pollination experiments showed that all three species were self and cross compatible. The percentage of fully developed seeds was greater in pods formed after cross pollination compared to self pollination. No evidence was found for stigmatic or stylar self incompatibility. Outcrossing is probably the common method of reproduction under natural conditions, although in isolated trees substantial seed set by selfing might occur. Pod production under natural conditions was 34% for S. sesban; 49% for S. goetzei and 39% for S. keniensis. Considerable variation was found in pod production under open pollination between accessions of the same species. Selective abortion was observed within pods, with more mature seeds formed at the distal end of the pod.     

Callus Formation and Plant Regeneration from Protoplasts Derived from Suspension Culture of Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. 'Taipei 177')

Protoplasts were isolated from young inflorescence-derived suspension cultures of a japonica rice cultivar ‘Taipei 177’. The isolated protoplasts which were cultured either in liquid, agar on Sea plaque agarose underwent sustained division. Maximum plating efficiency of 1.06% occurred in a medium containing macroelements of KM, microelements and vitamins of B5, 0.5 % Sea plaque agarose, 1.0 mg/l of 2,4-D, and glucose as an osmotic stabilizer. Green and albino plants were regenerated from the protocalli in MS semisolid medium containing 4 mg/l BAP, 0.5 mg/l NAA and 500 mg/l casein hydrolysate (MS_18–2).     

Inheritance of tree and fruit characters in progenies from crosses of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars

Summary Approximately 1000 seedlings from 20 combinations crossed in 1979, 1980 and 1981 (Theiler-Hedtrich 1985a) were tested for several characters: fruit set (yield), fruit size, fruit colour, formation of abscission layer and bleeding after fruit removal from fruit stalks, bacterial canker resistance, flowering and harvesting time. From progeny of crosses with Stella as pollinator, 56% (Vittoria × Stella) and 46% (Schüttler × Stella) of the seedlings were self-compatible, of which 14 were high yielding with good fruit size and quality. From the data recorded it can be concluded:fruit set is a recessive character; only 5 to 20% of very good yielding seedlings were obtained in different progeny, even if the parental plants were both very good croppers.Fruit juice and skin colour was in most progenies ‘black’ even if they were from combinations with ‘white’ varieties, e.g., Merton Glory or Schüttler. Only from the combination Schiittler (‘white’) × Stella (‘black’), 50% of the seedlings were ‘white’; Stella therefore is heterozygous for the character of fruit juice and skin colour.Fruit size is evenly distributed in progeny with respect to the fruit size of their parent plants.Abscission layer formation and non-bleeding is a genetically complex character. In combinations where both parent plants formed fruits with complete abscission layers and which were not bleeding after fruit removal from the stalk, this character was inherited only to 50% (Vittoria × Schüttler) or 85% (Vittoria × Frühe von der Weid) in the progeny. For the genetical control of this character further studies are necessary.Bacterial canker susceptibility was evenly distributed in seedlings from all combinations even if the highly resistant cv. Vittoria was used as one parent plant, thereby not confirming the expected results of a higher proportion of resistant seedlings from combinations with Vittoria.Flowering and harvest time of the seedlings from different combinations was within the range of the parent plants. Only in the combination of Vittoria × Stella (mid-to late-ripening season) one seedling out of 99 was found to form ripe fruits two weeks earlier than the parental plants. From the seedlings tested 40 have been chosen for further evaluation or genetical studies.     

Mutant induction through adventitious buds of Kohleria

Summary Freshly cut leaves of Kohleria eriantha and K. x Longwood were exposed to a wide range of gamma irradiation doses and allowed to root and form adventitious buds. K. Eriantha could not be successfully propagated from leaf half cuttings. Longwood produced a small number of adventitious plantlets as compared to other Gesneriads. Colchicine treatments reduced leaf half survival in Longwood by more than 50%. Leaf halves exposed to low and moderate doses of gamma irradiation showed increased overall plantlet production compared to nonirradiated leaf halves.Of the mutation parameters calculated, the number of mutants per 100 surviving leaf halves appears to be the most useful since it relates the number of mutants within a dose to the number of surviving leaf halves, the number of mutants to the number of plants produced, and the number of mutants within doses to control values.Using the criteria, number of mutants per 100 surviving leaf halves, optimum production of all mutants, of useful and of dwarf mutants was obtained at 2.5 kR for noncolchicine treated leaf halves and 1.5 to 3.0 kR for colchicine treated leaf halves.Of the adventitious plantlets produced, 13.8% were classified as mutant types. Mutant plants were found in radiation dose levels up to 5.5 kR. The array of mutants produced was skewed toward plant habit and flower characteristic mutants with several leaf characteristic, lethal, and polyploid mutants observed. A high frequency of mutants, 10 of 93 plants, occurred in the nonirradiated controls. Four sectorial chimeras were identified from both control and irradiation exposed groups. Several potentially useful flower color and dwarf mutants have been selected for further study. Adventitious buds may have developed from callus at petiole and leaf-vein bases. Colchicine treatments severely inhibited adventitious plantlet production and because of this could not be used as a criterion to identify the origin of adventitious buds. Conclusive determination of the organogenesis of adventitious buds from Longwood leaf halves could not be made. Mutant plantlets formed from adventitious buds on detached leaf halves of Longwood appear to arise from single cells as has been found with other Gesneriads.Scientific Journal Series Article No. 10 330 of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.     

棉枯萎抗性形成规律的发现与抗性定向培育法

采用棉枯萎人工病床病圃连续群体选择法发现，枯萎抗性转化现象和抗性形成规律：所有供试原感病高产优质品种在病菌连续入侵条件下，病床病株率逐年逐代下降，矮化症状逐年逐代缓解，群体高度逐年逐代上升，表明抗性逐年逐代提高。经５年左右均转化为高抗品种，为寄主免疫功能渐变性定向的遗传适应变异和后天获得抗性遗传的累加作用结果，病理学和生化分析均证实这一解释。获得高抗性后，原品种之丰产性和品质也有改进，不存在抗性丰产性品质间的遗传反相关关系，从而创棉枯萎抗性定向培育原理方法。１９７４～１９９４年，此法已育成抗性、丰产性、品质三兼优或二兼优品种和资源３０余个。     

Genetic Variation for Regenerative Response in Immature Leaflet Cultures of the Cultivated Peanut,Arachis hypogaea*

Forty-seven genotypes of the cultivated peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., were screened for regenerative responses of immature leaflet cultures on two media varying in the auxin: cytokinin ratio. Statistical analysis revealed significant media and genotype differences for rhizogenesis plus media differences for callus proliferation but no differences for shoot formation. When genotypes were categorized according to botanical types, differences between subspecies were observed for rhizogenesis. Cultivars of the Virginia botanical type (subspecies hypogaea) were significantly different from either the Valencia or Spanish botanical types (both subspecies fastigiata). Overall, rhizogenesis varied from 0 to 70% among all genotypes. Shoot production was low (30%) while callus proliferation was extremely high (70%).     

Yield Formation in Mediterranean durum wheats under two contrasting water regimes based on path-coefficient analysis

The components of grain yield are altered by adverse growing conditions as the effects of certain environmental factors on crop growth and yield differ depending upon the developmental stages when these conditions occur. Path-coefficient analysis was used to investigate the main processes influencing grain yield and its formation under Mediterranean conditions. Twenty-five durum wheat genotypes, consisting of four Spanish commercial varieties and 21 inbred lines from the ICARDA durum wheat breeding program, were grown during 1997 and 1998 under both rainfed and irrigated conditions in southern Spain. {P}ath-coefficient analysis revealed that under favourable conditions grain yield depended in equal proportion on the three primary yield components (i.e. spikes m⁻², grains spike⁻¹, and mean grain weight), whereas in the rainfed experiments, variations in grain yield were due mainly to spikes m⁻² and to a lesser extent to grains spike⁻¹. Compensatory effects were almost absent under irrigated treatments; however, under water shortage, spikes m⁻² exerted a negative influence on grain spike⁻¹ due mainly to a negative interrelationship between tiller production and apical development. These compensatory effects could partially explain the restricted success in durum wheat breeding observed in water-limited environments of the Mediterranean region. Under rainfed conditions the number of spikes m⁻² depended mainly on the ability for tiller production, whereas in the irrigated experiments the final number of spikes was determined mostly by tiller survival.     

不同CO2浓度对玉米秸秆分解期间土壤腐殖质形成的影响

以往人们较多的研究了土壤有机碳与温室气体的源、汇关系问题,却很少研究温室气体对土壤有机碳本身分解转化和各组分性质的影响。为了探讨CO2浓度升高对腐殖物质形成转化的作用,本文通过室内人为高浓度CO2的培养试验,用腐殖质组成修改法研究了玉米秸秆分解期间（1~180d）土壤总有机碳（TOC）、水溶性物质（WSS）、碱提取腐殖物质（HE）、胡敏酸（HA）和胡敏素（HM）数量的动态变化规律及不同CO2浓度对有机碳各组分形成与转化的影响。结果表明：玉米秸秆分解期间,“新形成”的净TOC逐渐降低,净HE表现为先增加而后下降的趋势,HM的绝对数量逐渐下降。可提取腐殖物质中HA的比例（PQ）先增加后下降,最终趋于平稳,说明最初富里酸（FA）的形成速度大于HA,随培养时间的延长,FA和HA经历了一段相互转化的过程,最终达到动态平衡。30%CO2浓度（V/V）处理的TOC、WSS、HE和HM数量明显高于3%CO2浓度处理和正常CO2浓度（0.0375%）处理,其中WSS和HM反应更为敏感。但3%CO2浓度处理与正常CO2浓度处理的差异不明显。可提取腐殖物质的PQ的顺序是30%CO2浓度处理〉3%CO2浓度处理〉正常CO2浓度处理,说明CO2浓度增加更有利于FA而不利于HA的形成和稳定。