商洛市竹林开花败园情况调查研究

竹林开花是陕西省商洛市发展竹子生产中的一个常见问题，通过调查，摸清了商洛市竹林资源基本概况及其分布特点和开花危害表现．在此基础上，研究分析了竹林开花及其花后死亡和竹鞭老化原因，提出了复壮补救措施和预防开花对策．     

Litter impair spruce seedling emergence in beech forests: a litter manipulation experiment

European beech Fagus sylvatica and Norway spruce Picea abies are economically and ecologically important forest trees in large parts of Europe. Today, the beech forest reaches its northern distribution limit in south-eastern Norway and it is expected to expand northwards due to climate warming. This expansion will likely result in fundamental ecosystem changes. To increase our knowledge about the competitive balance between spruce and beech, we have investigated how beech and spruce litter affect spruce seedling emergence, growth and uptake of C and N. We did this in a seed-sowing experiment that included litter layer removal as well as reciprocal transplantations of litter layers between spruce and beech forests. Our results show that spruce seedling emergence was significantly impaired by both litter layer types, and especially so by the beech litter layer in the beech forest. The low seedling emergence in beech forests is concurrent with their lower light availability.     

Dominance by the introduced tree Rhamnus cathartica (common buckthorn) may limit aboveground carbon storage in Southern Wisconsin forests

Many ecosystems are now dominated by introduced species, and because dominant species drive ecosystem properties, these changes lead to increased uncertainty in estimates of carbon storage and cycling. We examined aboveground biomass in forests dominated by the introduced tree Rhamnus cathartica (common buckthorn) relative to forests dominated by native species, and measured aboveground biomass increment over a three-year period (2005-2008). Three of the four lowest biomass levels occurred in R. cathartica-dominated forests, and biomass in these forest types was stored primarily in trees 10-20 cm DBH. By contrast, forests dominated by native trees (including those with R. cathartica understories) had the six highest biomass levels, and biomass was stored primarily in trees >50 cm DBH. On average, forests dominated by R. cathartica stored half as much aboveground biomass (14.6 ± 3.3 kg/m²) as forests dominated by native tree species (28.9 ± 8.3 kg/m²). R. cathartica-dominated forests also had half the aboveground biomass increment of native-dominated forests (0.28 vs. 0.60 kg/m²/year). Although known anecdotally as a fast-growing species, R. cathartica growth rates declined with increasing size. Between 2005 and 2008, R. cathartica individuals <10 cm DBH grew faster than native species; however, R. cathartica individuals >10 cm DBH grew consistently slower than native species. Overall, our findings indicate that intrinsic size limitations on R. cathartica will lead to lower biomass stocks in forests where it acts as a canopy dominant relative to forests dominated by native tree species.     

Mammalian browsing damage in the Mt. Cole State forest,southeastern Australia: analysis of browsing patterns,spatial relationships and browse selection

Browsing by mammals can have a substantial impact on the survival, growth and form of regenerating forest trees. This study investigated the severity and distribution of mammalian browsing damage, and the degree to which eucalypt seedlings (Eucalyptus spp.) were selected for browsing on three regenerating native forest coupes in southeastern Australia. Damage was greatest 6 months after eucalypt germination and at this time, both messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua) and blue gum (E. globulus) seedlings were browsed at similar intensity. Nine and 12 months after germination, messmate was browsed more heavily than blue gum. Consistent relationships between browsing damage and both distance from the forest edge and wallaby density were not observed. Analysis of use and availability data for messmate, blue gum and manna gum (E. viminalis) seedlings showed that messmate was selected for browsing more than expected by chance while manna gum was browsed less than expected. Mammalian browsing affects a substantial portion of Victorias native forest estate, and could alter the species composition of future forests. Research into the ecology of browsing species and the development of non-lethal browsing reduction strategies is seen as a priority for the management of mammalian browsing in Victoria.     

马尾松林火灾后生态效益损失动态评估

依据林分生长规律和经营模式,建立生态效益损失动态评估模型;对广州从化30年生马尾松林分森林火灾后,经过人工更新的林分45年内所产生的生态效益进行模拟,认为该林分若未遭受森林火灾,封山育林模式的生态效益最大;灾后更新林分需要30年才能恢复相当于灾前林分的生态效益;其间生态效益的损失量为传统静态定量估算的25.92倍.如果林分采取30年轮伐的经营模式,在第19年左右时轮伐林分和灾后更新林分所产生的生态效益平衡;此后人工更新林分的生态效益渐高,而受灾林分经人工更新后第17年时的生态效益近似于轮伐林分的稳定值.轮伐型所带来的总效益在前6年大于封育型的总效益,但第7年以后其总效益开始小于封育型经营模式的生态效益.     

中国热带地区次生林经营现状和技术

文章分析了中国热带地区次生林经营相关资料,在对广东、海南、广西和云南重点热带次生林林区或典型经营区进行实地调查的基础上,分析和总结了中国热带次生林经营管理政策、经营现状和经营技术。中国的热带次生林经营在中华人民共和国成立后不久的1951年开始提出,但在20世纪50至80年代中期,主要以利用为目的,经营方式以封山育林为主。到了80年代后期,经济相对发达的地区如广东开始从木材生产为主向生态营林方向转化的大规模经营活动,自然保护区建设规模加大。1998年发生严重的洪涝之后,中央政府加强了以林业为主题的生态环境建设,热带次生林开始得到有效的保护,这一阶段的经营特点是生态建设,经营方式以政府主导的生态公益林、天然林保护等工程建设为主。经营技术除封山育林外,强调了退耕还林、提高物种的多样性和地带性乡土树种的开发利用。但是,中国的热带次生林经营始终未能走出木材利用或是生态防护的两个极端,缺乏既提高生态效益又提高经济效益、能满足生态和林区居民生存经济需求的可持续经营技术和实践。     

退耕还林生物量监测及固碳释氧效益初步研究

通过对退耕还林林地上生物量的监测,退耕还林6年的乔木型、乔草型、经济林型、荒山造林封禁区典型林地上生物量分别为26043、6575、18790、2980kg／hm^2。在生物量研究的基础上,根据光合作用制造有机物与固碳释氧之间的关系,初步研究了退耕还林林地上固碳释氧总效益为22916．4万元,从而科学客观地评估了退耕还林工程在固碳释氧方面的效益,为退耕还林效益监测、工程总体效益评估、生物固碳的研究提供基础数据和方法依据。     

毛竹林内混交擦树效果好

毛竹林内混交擦树,相互之间能起到很好的促进作用,既有利于加快毛竹成材,又可改善立地条件,提高了生产力。     

Impact of bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) disturbance on timber production and carbon sequestration in different management strategies under climate change

The likely environmental changes throughout the next century have the potential to strongly alter forest disturbance regimes which may heavily affect forest functions as well as forest management. Forest stands already poorly adapted to current environmental conditions, such as secondary Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forests outside their natural range, are expected to be particularly prone to such risks. By means of a simulation study, a secondary Norway spruce forest management unit in Austria was studied under conditions of climatic change with regard to effects of bark beetle disturbance on timber production and carbon sequestration over a time period of 100 years. The modified patch model PICUS v1.41, including a submodule of bark beetle-induced tree mortality, was employed to assess four alternative management strategies: (a) Norway spruce age-class forestry, (b) Norway spruce continuous cover forestry, (c) conversion to mixed species stands, and (d) no management. Two sets of simulations were investigated, one without the consideration of biotic disturbances, the other including possible bark beetle damages. Simulations were conducted for a de-trended baseline climate (1961–1990) as well as for two transient climate change scenarios featuring a distinct increase in temperature. The main objectives were to: (i) estimate the effects of bark beetle damage on timber production and carbon (C) sequestration under climate change; (ii) assess the effects of disregarding bark beetle disturbance in the analysis.Results indicated a strong increase in bark beetle damage under climate change scenarios (up to +219% in terms of timber volume losses) compared to the baseline climate scenario. Furthermore, distinct differences were revealed between the studied management strategies, pointing at considerably lower amounts of salvage in the conversion strategy. In terms of C storage, increased biotic disturbances under climate change reduced C storage in the actively managed strategies (up to −41.0 tC ha⁻¹) over the 100-year simulation period, whereas in the unmanaged control variant some scenarios even resulted in increased C sequestration due to a stand density effect.Comparing the simulation series with and without bark beetle disturbances the main findings were: (i) forest C storage was higher in all actively managed strategies under climate change, when biotic disturbances were disregarded (up to +31.6 tC ha⁻¹ over 100 years); and (ii) in the undisturbed, unmanaged variant C sequestration was lower compared to the simulations with bark beetle disturbance (up to −69.9 tC ha⁻¹ over 100 years). The study highlights the importance of including the full range of ecosystem-specific disturbances by isolating the effect of one important agent on timber production and C sequestration.     

北京市高保护价值森林信息查询系统

介绍了ArcGIS Server的基本知识和体系结构,阐述了ArcGIS Server的运行机制,分析了分布式环境下服务器端的配置和管理方法,针对基于ArcGIS Server开发的Web应用相关问题,结合数据库管理技术,对ArcGIS Server框架(ADF)进行了深入研究,使用Windows平台下的.NET ADF,并结合北京市高保护价值森林资源,开发了一个高保护价值森林资源信息查询系统。