重点生态功能区生态系统服务价值变化及预测

[目的]对重点生态功能区(都江堰市)生态系统服务价值功能特征和变化趋势进行分析和预测,为该区域环境保护与合理城市开发目标的制定提供科学依据。[方法]以都江堰市1995,2007,2014年3期Landsat遥感影像解译的土地覆被数据为基础,使用Costanza的生态系统服务价值计算方法,谢高地2002版价值当量,经当量修正,敏感度指数检验后,评估都江堰市19a间生态系统服务价值及其变化。运用灰色GM(1,1)模型预测其变化趋势。[结果](1)研究区土地覆被类型以森林、农田为主(共80%以上)。1995—2014年研究区土地覆被变化较大,生态用地减少。(2)1995—2014年研究区生态系统服务价值下降629.46万元。森林是研究区生态服务价值最大的系统(占83%以上),其次为农田、水体、草甸、未利用地。水源涵养、废气处理是都江堰市最突出的两项生态服务(共56%以上)。(3)利用灰色GM(1,1)模型预测了研究区2021—2035年土地覆被面积,结合精度检验预测此阶段生态系统服务价值将增加136.6万元,年均增长0.17%。[结论]区域生态系统服务价值减少的主要原因是以交通为代表的建设用地增加,导致生态服务价值系数较高的生态用地减少,而增加森林、水体等有较高生态价值的土地覆被类型是维持与提高区域生态功能的有效措施。     

黑龙江省夏季林火蔓延特点

通过对2001-2007年黑龙江省夏季森林火灾调查研究发现,该地区夏季林火种类有地表火、地下火、树冠火3种,这3种蔓延方式之间相互演变,多数为地表火与地下火同时存在。夏季林火蔓延速度普遍较慢,地表火蔓延速度大多在0.05m/s以下;浅层地下火在有林地的燃烧速度为2-4m/h、草甸为1-3m/h,深层地下火在有林地的燃烧速度为0.2m/h以下、草甸为0.05m/h以下;树冠火蔓延速度一般为180-600m/h。     

陕西太白山自然保护区森林病虫害初步调查

本文记述了太白山自然保护区内的主要森林病虫害种类,并初步提出了科学合理的保护区森林病虫害防控措施。     

基于WebGIS的国家森林公园旅游信息系统构建

分析国家森林公园旅游的特点以及森林公园旅游信息系统建设的现状,介绍基于WebGIS技术开发国家森林公园旅游信息系统的技术优势和该系统的设计方法。以三爪仑国家森林公园为例,介绍WebGIS技术在国家森林公园旅游信息系统中的应用。通过该系统构建实现面向旅游爱好者的国家森林公园旅游信息交流和面向管理职能部门的信息管理功能。     

中国与孟中印缅经济走廊沿线国家木质林产品贸易前景分析

文中从贸易规模和贸易结构2个层面对中国与“孟中印缅经济走廊”沿线国家木质林产品贸易现状进行概述,运用贸易强度指数、贸易互补性指数、产业内贸易指数对中国与沿线各国木质林产品贸易联系进行分析。结果表明,中国与沿线各国木质林产品贸易规模处于逐年上升趋势,经贸联系也在逐年增强。中国应继续推进孟中印缅经济走廊建设,深化对沿线国家木质林产品贸易,实现区域林产品贸易和产业互利共赢。     

Spatial variability of O layer thickness and humus forms under different pine beech–forest transformation stages in NE Germany

Spatial variability of humus layer (O layer) thicknesses can have important impacts upon soil water dynamics, nutrient storage and availability, as well as plant growth. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the impact of forest‐transformation practices on the spatial variability of O layer thicknesses. The study focused on the Kahlenberg forest area (NE Germany) with stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica) of different age structures that form a transformation chronosequence from pure Scots pine stands towards pure European beech stands. Topsoil profiles including both, the O layer and the uppermost humic mineral soil horizon were excavated at intervals of 0.4 m along 15–20 m long transects, and spatial variability of O layer thicknesses was quantified by variogram analysis. The correlation lengths of total O layer thickness increased in the sequence consisting of pure pine stand (3.1 m) → older mixed stand (3.7 m) → pure beech stand (4.5 m), with the exception of the younger mixed stand, for which no correlation lengths of total O layer thickness could be determined. The degree of spatial correlation, i.e., the percentage of the total variance which can be described by variograms, was highest for the two monospecies stands, whereas this percentage was distinctly lower for the two mixed stands. A similar minimum for the two mixed stands was observed for the correlation lengths of the Oh horizon. These results suggest that the spatial structures of forest‐transformation stands may be interpreted in terms of a disturbance (in the form of the underplanting of beech trees). After this disturbance, the forest ecosystem requires at least 100 y to again reach relative equilibrium. These findings are in line with the results of other soil‐related investigations at these sites.     

Carbon dioxide exchange of a larch forest after a typhoon disturbance

A typhoon event catastrophically destroyed a 45-year-old Japanese larch plantation in southern Hokkaido, northern Japan in September 2004, and about 90% of trees were blown down. Vegetation was measured to investigate its regeneration process and CO₂ flux, or net ecosystem production (NEP), was measured in 2006–2008 using an automated chamber system to investigate the effects of typhoon disturbance on the ecosystem carbon balance. Annual maximum aboveground biomass (AGB) increased from 2.7 Mg ha⁻¹ in 2006 to 4.0 Mg ha⁻¹ in 2007, whereas no change occurred in annual maximum leaf area index (LAI), which was 3.7 m² m⁻² in 2006 and 3.9 m² m⁻² in 2007. Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) had become dominant within 2 years after the typhoon disturbance, and came to account for about 60% and 50% of AGB and LAI, respectively. In comparison with CO₂ fluxes measured by the eddy covariance technique in 2001–2003, for 4.5 months during the growing season, the sum of gross primary production (GPP) decreased on average by 739 gC m⁻² (64%) after the disturbance, whereas ecosystem respiration (RE) decreased by 501 gC m⁻² (51%). As a result, NEP decreased from 159 ± 57 gC m⁻² to −80 ± 30 gC m⁻², which shows that the ecosystem shifted from a carbon sink to a source. Seasonal variation in RE was strongly correlated to soil temperature. The interannual variation in the seasonal trend of RE was small. Light-saturated GPP (P_max) decreased from 30–45 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ to 8–12 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ during the summer season through the disturbance because of large reduction in LAI.     

辽宁省集体林权纠纷调处问题及对策

介绍了辽宁省集体林权纠纷调处主要做法,指出了目前林权纠纷调处过程中存在的问题,并对这些问题提出了一些对策。     

古田山国家自然保护区常绿阔叶林植物物种多样性研究

分析了古田山自然保护区常绿阔叶林植物区系和物种多样性.结果表明:古田山自然保护区常绿阔叶林植物种类十分丰富,计有维管束植物64科114属198种(含变种),其中蕨类植物7科8属19种,裸子植物2科2属2种,被子植物55科104属177种.种子植物区系成分复杂,具有较高的热带成分比例.不同群落类型其物种多样性不同,4种常绿阔叶林群落类型中以栲树林物种多样性最高,甜槠-木荷林物种多样性最低.在群落垂直结构中,除钩栗林外,灌木层→乔木层→草本层物种多样性依次降低.乔木层与灌木层的物种多样性指数差异不显著,而乔木层、灌木层的物种多样性指数均显著大于草本层.     

退化第四纪红粘土重建森林恢复27年后群落多样性及稳定性研究

以严重退化第四纪红粘土为研究对象,选择7种模式重建森林恢复27a后的群落多样性及稳定性进行研究,结果表明不同重建模式27a后群落Marglef丰富度指数R为封育马尾松林分>谷坊马尾松林分>竹节沟湿地松林分>种草竹节沟马尾松林分>无谷坊马尾松林分>竹节沟马尾松林分>强烈干扰马尾松林分,而Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H、Simpson优势度指数P和Pielou均匀度指数J均表现为封育马尾松林分、种草竹节沟马尾松林分、竹节沟湿地松林分较大,而竹节沟马尾松林分、谷坊马尾松林分、无谷坊马尾松林分较小。群落稳定性大小顺序为竹节沟马尾松林分>无谷坊马尾松林分>谷坊马尾松林分>封育马尾松林分>种草竹节沟马尾松林分>竹节沟湿地松林分。