我国生态旅游资源利用评价研究进展

文章阐述了生态旅游和生态旅游资源的概念,并对生态旅游资源的环境容量、生态足迹和环境承载力等方面的研究进行了概括和分析。指出国内生态旅游资源利用评价的研究和认识还存在一些问题,应在人文资源利用评价、生态旅游资源利用评价方法和跨学科的合作研究等三个方面作更加深入的研究。     

福建水资源生态足迹分析

根据生态足迹的基本原理和计算模型,对福建省水资源1999-2007年生态足迹、生态承载力进行计算和分析。结果表明,福建省水资源发展是可持续的,在1999-2007年,福建省水资源人均生态足迹为0.84hm2.人-1左右,且呈现逐年持续上升趋势,人均生态承载力为7hm2.人-1左右,人均生态盈余6hm2.人-1左右,结果变化较大。通过计算表明,虽然福建省水资源发展呈现生态盈余,可是如果环境进步恶化,水资源会面临更加紧张的局面。     

黔东南苗族侗族自治州生态可持续性的评价

结合生态足迹模型的概念和方法,对黔东南苗族侗族自治州2003～2006四年的生态足迹进行了计算,该州2003～2006年的人均生态足迹为1.2005hm2、1.2249hm2、1.2268hm2和1.3226hm2,人均生态赤字为0.3326hm2、0.4873hm2、0.4852hm2和0.5660hm2,说明该州的生态赤字呈逐年上升的趋势,该州的社会经济发展模式处于不可持续的状态。但与贵州省、全国相比较,黔东南自治州在贵州省乃至于全国范围内仍属可持续发展的地区。在此评价的基础上,提出了在黔东南苗族侗族自治州实现生态可持续发展的方法和措施。     

低碳概念下武汉市生态足迹的动态分析与预测

社会的发展,使人类处于从工业文明时代迈向生态文明时代的转折期。大力倡导低碳经济,建设生态文明,成为这一时期的主旋律。以生态足迹模型为基础,对武汉市1996—2010年的人均生态足迹和人均生态承载力进行计算,并运用灰色系统GM（1,1）模型对2011—2015年的生态足迹状况进行预测。结果表明:（1）1996—2010年武汉市人均生态足迹有所增加;（2）可使用的人均生态承载力总体呈下降趋势;（3）武汉市一直处于生态赤字状态,生态压力指数持续较高;（4）2011—2015年武汉市人均生态足迹逐年增加,而人均生态承载力逐年减少,按照现行发展模式,到2015年,武汉市人均生态赤字率将达到253%。因此,大力推动低碳经济发展,建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会,已经成为武汉市可持续发展战略的重要组成部分。     

生态足迹分析法及其在持续性规划中应用研究

分析了可持续发展主要特征,提出规划持续性的方法思路和生态足迹概念,简介了生态足迹分析法的功能及其实证研究成果,并提出规划持续性的对策。     

高集约化农区投入减量化与环境风险降低潜势的时空分异特征

该文应用氮足迹(nitrogen footprint,N footprint)、灰水足迹(grey water footprint,GWF)理论,以上海市青浦区为案例区,对集约农业土地利用系统的活性氮排放和非点源污染进行分析,运用非期望产出的SBM-Undesirable窗式分析模型,系统解析农业土地利用环境效率时空分异特征,综合评估农业土地利用系统投入减量化趋势与环境风险降低潜势。结果表明:1)在考虑活性氮排放和非点源污染约束下,2006-2013年青浦区农业土地利用环境效率相对较低,2006-2013年均值仅为0.669;2)2006-2013年青浦区年均劳动力、肥料和机械动力的潜在减量比例较高,8 a间潜在年均缩减总量分别为8 10~4人,4 501.59 t,27 928.44 k W;非点源污染灰水足迹的潜在减排比例高于污染氮足迹,潜在减排总量年均分别为52 046.88万m~3和381.04 t。花香桥街道具有最大的潜在投入减量化与环境风险降低比例。白鹤镇、练塘镇等具有较大的潜在缩减规模,应成为青浦区农业投入减量化和污染物减排总量控制的重点区域。该文评价结果可为制定农业可持续发展规划及农业产业政策提供参考。     

Comparative economic performance and carbon footprint of two farming models for producing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Land-based closed containment system in freshwater and open net pen in seawater

Ocean net pen production of Atlantic salmon is approaching 2 million metric tons (MT) annually and has proven to be cost- and energy-efficient. Recently, with technology improvements, freshwater aquaculture of Atlantic salmon from eggs to harvestable size of 4–5 kg in land-based closed containment (LBCC) water recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) has been demonstrated as a viable production technology. Land-based, closed containment water recirculating aquaculture systems technology offers the ability to fully control the rearing environment and provides flexibility in locating a production facility close to the market and on sites where cost of land and power are competitive. This flexibility offers distinct advantages over Atlantic salmon produced in open net pen systems, which is dependent on access to suitable coastal waters and a relatively long transport distance to supply the US market. Consequently, in this paper we present an analysis of the investment needed, the production cost, the profitability and the carbon footprint of producing 3300 MT of head-on gutted (HOG) Atlantic salmon from eggs to US market (wholesale) using two different production systems—LBCC-RAS technology and open net pen (ONP) technology using enterprise budget analysis and carbon footprint with the LCA method. In our analysis we compare the traditional open net pen production system in Norway and a model freshwater LBCC-RAS facility in the US. The model ONP is small compared to the most ONP systems in Norway, but the LBCC-RAS is large compared to any existing LBCC-RAS for Atlantic salmon. The results need to be interpreted with this in mind. Results of the financial analysis indicate that the total production costs for two systems are relatively similar, with LBCC-RAS only 10% higher than the ONP system on a head-on gutted basis (5.60 US$/kg versus 5.08 US$/kg, respectively). Without interest and depreciation, the two production systems have an almost equal operating cost (4.30 US$/kg for ONP versus 4.37 US$/kg for LBCC-RAS). Capital costs of the two systems are not similar for the same 3300 MT of head-on gutted salmon. The capital cost of the LBCC-RAS model system is approximately 54,000,000 US$ and the capital cost of the ONP system is approximately 30,000,000 US$, a difference of 80%. However, the LBCC-RAS model system selling salmon at a 30% price premium is comparatively as profitable as the ONP model system (profit margin of 18% versus 24%, respectively), even though its 15-year net present value is negative and its return on investment is lower than ONP system (9% versus 18%, respectively). The results of the carbon footprint analysis confirmed that production of feed is the dominating climate aspect for both production methods, but also showed that energy source and transport methods are important. It was shown that fresh salmon produced in LBCC-RAS systems close to a US market that use an average US electricity mix have a much lower carbon footprint than fresh salmon produced in Norway in ONP systems shipped to the same market by airfreight, 7.41 versus 15.22 kg CO₂eq/kg salmon HOG, respectively. When comparing the carbon footprint of production-only, the LBCC-RAS-produced salmon has a carbon footprint that is double that of the ONP-produced salmon, 7.01 versus 3.39 kg CO₂eq/kg salmon live-weight, respectively.     

贵州喀斯特地区生态经济协调发展定量评估

生态经济协调发展是可持续发展的基础，定量评估生态与经济协调发展状况是生态经济学的难点，利用生态足迹模型对贵州喀斯特地区生态经济状态进行定量评估．评估结果表明：贵州喀斯特地区生态经济发展极不协调，生态赤字为-1．1207875hm^2／人．在此基础上，分析了生态赤字的原因＋提出了今后发展的方向．     

干旱区资源型城市可持续发展研究——以嘉峪关市为例

利用生态足迹和生态承载力的理论和方法,以干旱区资源型城市嘉峪关市为例,对其可持续发展状况及程度进行了评价和度量.结果表明:嘉峪关市2000-2003年人均生态足迹在14.270 6～21.928 3 hm2,人均生态承载力在0.127 2～0.129 1 hm2,生态足迹远超过其生态承载力,已对生态系统构成极大压力.在此基础上,提出了降低生态赤字的途径,为嘉峪关市的可持续发展提供了理论参考.     

株洲云龙生态新城生态足迹测算

根据生态足迹的概念以及计算方法,计算得出2008年株洲云龙生态新城的总平均生态足迹和实际可利用生态承载力,其生态承载力低于全国平均水平,其中草地、水域和化石能源用地出现了生态赤字.根据分析结果,提出应从生态足迹的产出与供给入手,加强科技研发,提高单位面积的粮食产量;加强开发新能源,逐步减少传统能源的使用;加大力度保护耕地,鼓励建楼房,达到降低土地破坏而提高生态承载力的目的,从而维持整个示范区的可持续发展.