Impact and effects of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins derived from harmful algal blooms to marine fish

Fish are frequently exposed to paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) derived from harmful algal blooms (HAB). PSTs are potent neurotoxins with strong effects on fish at multiple trophic levels. Here, we examine the historical and contemporary mass mortality events combining with the available data on response of fish to PSTs' exposure. The data show that fish are negatively affected by these natural toxins on a recurring basis. Transient effects of PSTs have also been observed in fish and although difficult to quantify, these sublethal effects can affect foraging and predation avoidance. Additionally, the spatiotemporal overlapping of fish spawning and HAB can also be critical for fish survival and fisheries recruitment. Exposure of fish in their early life stages to dissolved toxins in the water column has also been identified as a risk factor for fish survival. In the context of global climate change, where PSTs are likely to become increasingly important, new insights and a synthesis of up‐to‐date information on fish response to PSTs and the risk associated with toxic dinoflagellate blooms are presented.     

对以科研促教学的食品专业教育的思考

食品类本科专业是我国高等教育的重要组成部分。以科研促教学的必要性体现在既是高校定位、高等教育改革、教育国际化的需要,也是食品类专业本身培养目标的需要;同时,以科研促教学可以更好地践行教学核心理念,完善实验教学环节,为培养创业型食品专业人才提供积极的推动作用。     

不同温度、饵料对金曼龙仔鱼生长和存活的影响

本文研究了温度和饵料对金曼龙仔鱼生长和存活的影响.结果表明:金曼龙仔鱼在不同温度下的生长速度和成活率存在着显著差异(p＜0.05),在水温为30℃下仔鱼生长速度最快,26℃下仔鱼存活率最高,32℃下仔鱼存活率最低.投喂不同的饵料金曼龙仔鱼的生长速度和成活率也有显著差异(p＜0.05),投喂轮虫和桡足类的仔鱼生长速度最快、成活率最高,投喂蛋黄饲料的仔鱼成活率最低,投喂人工饲料的仔鱼生长速度最慢.     

保障国家粮食安全：在增产与减损两端同时发力

粮食安全是“国之大者”。确保国家粮食安全既要保粮食面积、稳粮食产量,确保产得出、供得上,也要注重解决粮食生产、流通、加工、消费等环节浪费现象,要在增产与减损两端同时发力。本文基于粮食增产和减损两个视角,系统探讨保障国内粮食稳产增产、推进粮食节约减损的现实情境和主要挑战,针对性提出协同推进粮食稳产增产和节约减损的政策建议。研究表明,面对当今世界百年大变局和我国国情农情,国内粮食生产端呈现为粮食稳产增产面临农业资源环境约束趋紧、技术突破难度增大、地方抓粮和生产者种粮积极性弱化、粮食政策囿于国际规则束缚等难题;粮食消费端则表现为产业链供应链损耗多、食物浪费治理难等问题。据此建议,要坚持开源和节流并重、增产和减损同时发力,一方面要将藏粮于地、藏粮于技战略落到实处,持续加强粮食安全保障能力建设,全面夯实国内粮食产能基础,多措并举调动地方抓粮和生产者种粮两个积极性;另一方面要推进粮食全产业链节约减损,倡导节约、营养、健康和平衡消费,杜绝“舌尖上的浪费”。     

柘林湾海洋牧场不同功能区食物网结构

海洋牧场是由多个功能区组成的生态系统工程,不同功能区的生态环境和食物网结构各不相同,通过研究不同功能区食物网结构有助于了解功能区之间生态系统差异。实验通过对南澳柘林湾海洋牧场渔业资源环境调查,利用碳氮稳定同位素技术对海洋牧场不同功能区食物网结构进行比较,并借助SIBER对稳定同位素数据进行分析。结果显示,海洋牧场调查共采获生物种类78种,其中,消费者的δ~(13)C比值介于–19.94‰~–13.62‰,δ~(15)N比值介于8.78‰~15.29‰,营养级范围介于1.73~3.64。不同功能区同位素数据对比表明,人工鱼礁区生物资源相对丰富,食物网结构较为复杂;海藻增殖区中生物生态位分布最广,营养冗余程度较高;贝类增殖区生物生态位较窄,营养级分布较为集中。在不同功能区生态系统稳定性对比中,人工鱼礁区生态系统稳定性最佳,海藻增殖区生态系统稳定性较差。     

食用昆虫的资源价值与可利用方式

目的为了解云南常见食药用昆虫中的汞、硒含量及安全性,本研究收集了云南省较为常见的食药用昆虫共计42种。方法采用微波消解和电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)同时测定了这些食药用昆虫中的汞和硒含量。结果肉食性昆虫的汞含量普遍高于植食性昆虫,水生昆虫的汞含量远远高于陆生昆虫(t-test, P < 0.01),但所有测试样品汞含量均没超相应的国家标准限制。硒的含量在水生昆虫中最高,且与汞的含量呈现很强的相关性(R²=0.824 1);陆生昆虫中的平均硒含量较低,不同种个体之间差异较大,且陆生昆虫中的硒、汞含量不存在相关性(R²=0.000 8)。结论开发水生类食药用昆虫时需要加强汞含量检测,同时也提示在水生昆虫中硒对汞存在一定的拮抗作用。     

Risk for interspecies transmission of zoonotic pathogens during poultry processing and pork production in Peru: A qualitative study

Interspecies transmission of pathogens is an unfrequent but naturally occurring event and human activities may favour opportunities not previously reported. Reassortment of zoonotic pathogens like influenza A virus can result from these activities. Recently, swine and birds have played a central role as “mixing vessels” for epidemic and pandemic events related to strains like H1N1 and H5N1. Unsafe practices in poultry markets and swine farms can lead to interspecies transmission, favouring the emergence of novel strains. Thus, understanding practices that lead to interspecies interactions is crucial. This qualitative study aimed to evaluate poultry processing practices in formal and informal markets and the use of leftovers by swine farmers in three Peruvian cities: Lima (capital), Tumbes (coastal) and Tarapoto (jungle). We conducted 80 direct observations at formal and informal markets and interviewed 15 swine farmers. Processors slaughter and pluck chickens and vendors and/or processors eviscerate chickens. Food safety and hygiene practices were suboptimal or absent, although some heterogeneity was observed between cities and chicken vendors versus processors. Both vendors (76%) and processors (100%) sold the chicken viscera leftovers to swine farmers, representing the main source of chicken viscera for swine farms (53%). Swine farmers fed the chicken viscera to their swine. Chicken viscera cooking times varied widely and were insufficient in some cases. Non‐abattoired poultry leads to the sale of poultry leftovers to small‐scale swine farms, resulting in indirect but frequent interspecies contacts that can lead to interspecies transmission of bacterial pathogens or the reassortment of influenza A viruses. These interactions are exacerbated by suboptimal safety and hygiene conditions. People involved in these activities constitute an at‐risk population who could play a central role in preventing the transmission of pathogens between species. Educational interventions on hygiene and food safety practices will be important for reducing the risk of interspecies influenza transmission.     

不同虾类的过敏原及其过敏原性

近年来食品安全问题受到越来越多人的重视,食物过敏这一食源性疾病已引起广大消费者、生产者和研究者的普遍关注。根据流行病学调查,在欧洲约有2％～2．5％的人受到食物过敏疾病的困扰,婴幼儿的发病率更高,达到4％～6％,儿童约为2％～3％,成年人食物过敏者比例相对较低,但仍有1％～2％。在联合国粮农组织提出的八大类容易引起过敏的食物中,虾蟹等甲壳类动物及其制品是其中重要的一类。我国虽然还没有类似的调查,但有关食用虾蟹等引起过敏的报道屡见不鲜。     

呋喃西林代谢物酶联免疫检测方法的建立

[目的]建立动物性食品中呋喃西林代谢物ELISA检测方法。[方法]通过制备特异性强的单克隆抗体,采用间接竞争ELISA法建立动物性食品中呋喃西林代谢物ELISA检测方法,并研制出对动物性食品中呋喃西林代谢物残留检测的试剂盒。[结果]该试剂盒标准曲线的IC50值为0.267 7μg/L,最低检测限为0.1μg/kg,样本加标回收率范围为79.5%～95.6%,变异系数为7.6%～9.7%。在交叉反应试验中,对呋喃西林的交叉反应率为25%,与其他药物的交叉反应率均小于1%,表明该方法具有很强的特异性。[结论]该方法灵敏度、准确度、精密度均较高,能满足兽药残留的检测要求,且检测时间短(45 min),样本前处理简单、检测成本低,适合于大量样本中呋喃西林代谢物残留检测的快速筛选。     

溶菌酶在食品工业中的应用

综述了溶茵酶的基本性质,着重讨论了溶菌酶抑制的微生物种类、机理,系统地阐述了溶菌酶的制备及其在食品工业中的应用进展.